Preface vii Acknowledgements ix List of Figures xi List of Plates xiv Chapter 1 Introduction 1-18 A survey of Jaina caves from other parts of the country 1 Region 4 Physical features 4 Maharashtra as regional entity 5 Political history 6 Jaina Caves in Maharashtra9 Jainism: Philosophy and iconography 14 Chapter 2 Description and Chronology of Caves 19-254 Pale 19 Description 19; Date 20 Dharashiva 20 Description 21; Date 34; Claim of Buddhist origin of the site 39; Rock-cut structure in the courtyard 40 Ambejogai41 Description 42, Date 46 Kharosa 49 Description 50; Date 51 Ellora (Early caves) 51 Architectural features 53; Iconographic features 58; Sculptural style 65; Paintings 65; Description 69; Date 124; Intra-site chronology 126; Iconographic trends 130; Intrusive icons 131 Mangi-Tungi (Lower caves) 132 Description 133; Date 144 Pandu Lena 145 Description 145; Date 147 Patne 147 Description 148; Date 151 Chambhara Lena or Gajapantha 152 Description 152; Date 160 Anjaneri 160 Description 161; Date 165 Ankai-Tankai 166 Description 167; Date 190 Tringalwadi 193 Description 193; Date 197 Washale or Vase 198 Description 198; Date 200 Daulatabad 200 Description 201; Date 202 Junnar 203 Description 203; Date 205 Bhamer 205 Description 206; Date 208 Chandor 209 Description 209; Date 217 Mohida-tarf-haveli 218 Description 218; Date 225 Dhumalwadi or Nandagiri 227 Description 227; Date 227 Ellora (Later caves) 228 Description 228; Date 237 Mangi-Tungi (Upper caves) 238 Description 238; Date 253 Other sites 254 Chapter 3 Architectural and Iconographic Trends 255-274 Architectural features 255 Iconographic features 257 Stages in the development of iconographic features 257; Jina parikara 259; Ambika 261; Sarvanubhuti 262; Occurrence of yaksa-yaksi 263; Chakresvari 263; Padmavati 263; Sarasvati 264; Sarasvati or Mahamanasi? 264; Dikpalas 265; Hanuman 265; Ganesa and Kshetrapala 265; Parents of Jina or yaksa-yaksi couple 266; Monk figures 266; Indra 266; Auspicious dreams 267; Colossus 267; Donor figures 268; Influences 269 Influence from south India 269 Influence from north, central and western India 269 Loose Jaina icons 271 Paintings 272 Summary 272 Chapter 4 Site: Location and Importance 275-308 The concept of sacred space 276 The Brahmanical concept of'tirtha'276 The Jaina concept of'tirtha' 278 Jaina texts on tirthas 278 Texts referring to tirthas in Maharashtra 278 Development of a sacred place 279 Pale 281 Dharashiva281 Epigraphic references 282; Literary references 282; Proximity to Ter 282; Other architectural remains 283 Ambejogai 284 Epigraphic references 284 ; Literary references 284; Other architectural remains 284 Kharosa 285 Other architectural remains 285 Ellora286 Epigraphic references 286; Literary references 286; Other architectural remains 287 Mangi-Tungi 288 Epigraphic references 288; Literary references 290; Other architectural remains 290; Location 290; Development of the site 291 Pandu Lena 292 Patne 293 Epigraphic references 293; Other architectural remains 294 Chambhara Lena or Gajapantha 295 Epigraphic references 295; Literary references 295; Other architectural remains, Development of the site 296 Anjaneri 296 Epigraphic references 297; Literary references 297; Other architectural remains 297; Proximity to Tryambakesvara 298; Ankai-Tankai 299 Literary references 299; Other architectural remains 299 Tringalwadi 300 WashaleorVase301 Daulatabad301 Junnar 302 Chandor 303 Other architectural remains 303 Bhamer 304 Epigraphic references 304; Other architectural remains 305 Mohida-tarf-haveli 306 Dhumalwadi orNandagiri 306 Chapter 5 Cultural Milieu of Jaina Caves: Socio-Religious Background 309-342 Socio-religious Background 309 Jainism in Maharashtra 311 Overview of general trends in the spread of Jainism 311 Early Phase: South India 312; North India 313; Central India 313; Western India 314 Later Phase 315 History and Development of Jainism in Maharashtra 316 List of Jaina remains in Maharashtra 317 Jaina strongholds in Maharashtra 327 Socio-Religious and Economic base of Jainism in Maharashtra 329 Religious practices 329 Sub-sects 331 Digambara sub-sects mentioned in the inscriptions from Maharashtra 333 Svetambara communities 335 Interaction with other religions 335 Patronage 336 Rise in popularity of Jainism in post 9th-10th century CE period 338 Chapter 6 Conclusion 343-356 Architectural features of the caves 345 Iconographic features 346 Iconographic development 347 Paintings 349 Inter-site relationships 349 Selection of site location 350 Socio-economic base 351 References 357-374 Glossary of Architectural Terms 375-377 Index 378-384