Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgements xxi 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Disaster 4 Bhopal Gas Tragedy 5 Disaster Area 6 Disaster Types 6 Disaster Management 7 2. DISASTER MANAGEMENT 9 Disaster Management Policy 10 To Sum up 12 3. DISASTER PREVENTION/MITIGATION 14 Yokohama Strategy 15 National Disaster Response Force 16 Disaster Risk Management Programme 17 Awareness Generation 18 Environmental Activism 19 Climate Change 20 Environmental Impact Assessment 21 2005 as an Insurance Disaster 21 Tsunami Warning 21 First Response 22 Long-term Strategy 24 viii Disaster Management Mass Transportation 27 Forming the Green Brigade 28 4. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 31 Institutional Structure 31 (A) Expected Outputs 31 (B) Areas of Intervention 32 (C) Agencies/Sectors to be Involved and Resource Linkages 32 Disaster Prevention/Mitigation 32 (A) Risk/Vulnerability 32 (B) Risk and Vulnerability Awareness Compaign 33 Early Warning System 34 (A) National Level 34 (B) State Level 35 (C) District Level 35 Disaster Preparedness, Mitigation and Response 35 Human Resource Development 37 (A) Public Awareness 40 (B) Involvement of Government Employees 42 (C) Resources 43 5. NATURAL DISASTERS AND MANAGEMENT 45 Cyclone, Hurricane, Tornado and Typhoon 46 f Katrina 48 Drought 48 Earthquake 49 Bhuj 49 Kashmir and Pakistan 50 Floods Mumbai 52 Glacier Melting 53 Landslide, Mudslide and Avalanche 54 Tsunami 55 Volcanic Eruption 56 Coping with Natural Disasters 56 Mangroves do Protect 58 Tsunami Relief 60 One year after Tsunami 61 International Response 67 Building bye-laws 68 Floods 68 Coping with Hurricanes 70 Glaciers 70 Drought 71 Coping with Drought 71 National Cyclone Mitigation Project 72 Landslide Hazard Mitigation 72 Avalanches 73 7. EARTHQUAKE MITIGATION 76 Kashmir Earthquake 76 Basic Technologies to Reduce Quake Damage 77 Basic Technologies 77 Base Isolation. 77 General Info on Earthquakes 78 Earthquake Risk Mitigation 80 National Core Group for Earthquake Risk Mitigation 80 Review of Building Bye-laws and their Adoption 80 Development and Revision of Codes 81 Hazard Safety Cells in States 81 National Programme for Capacity Building of Engineers and Architects in Earthquake Risk Mitigation 81 Training of Rural Masons 82 Earthquake Engineering in Undergraduate Engineering/Architecture Curricula 82 Hospital Preparedness and Emergency Health Management in Medical Education 82 Retrofitting of Lifeline Buildings 83 National Earthquake Risk Mitigation Project 83 Acceleration Urban Earthquake Vulnerability Reduction Programme 84 Reinforced Concrete (RCC) Framed Construction 84 ' Reinforcing Elements for Earthquake Safety 85 Hiring Professionals 85 Documentation for Approval of Building Plans 85 Short Guide for Home Owners for Building Houses using Load Bearing Masonry Construction 87 Essential Earthquake Resistant Provisions in Masonry Buildings 87 Predicting Earthquakes 88 8. CLIMATE CHANGE AND DISASTERS 91 Warmer Climate 92 Greenhouse Effect 92 Kyoto Protocol 93 Wetlands 96 Sustainable Living 96 Climate Change and Disaster 98 Genetic Diversity 101 9. MAN-MADE DISASTERS AND MANAGEMENT 104 Terrorist Attacks 105 Gas Leaks 107 Nuclear Radiation Leaks 108 Toxic Waste and Hazardous Waste Dumping 108 Poisoning 109 Accidents 109 Health Hazards . 110 Oil Spills 111 Oil Fires 112 Openness 112 10. COPING WITH MAN-MADE DISASTERS 114 Human Error 115 Pollution 116 Air Pollution 117 Greenhouse Gases Social Problem Terrorism Laws and Terrorism 11. AWARENESS AND MOTIVATION 123 Vigilance 123 Motivation 125 12. TRAINING IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT 128 Objectives 128 Communication Improves Motivation 130 Target : Ministry/Department/Cadre 131 Disaster Awareness in School Curriculum 142 Information, Education and Communication 143 Special Focus on North-Eastern States 143 Teamwork Pays 144 13. CONCLUSIONS 148 Appendix : Conventions, Rules and Regulations et. al 158 Select Bibliography 159 Index 160