Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
About the author xvii
Introduction xix
1 Bamboo for Carbon Neutral Development 1
1.1 Bamboo Resources 1
1.2 Bamboo as a Modern Building Material 3
1.3 Bamboo Structures 5
1.3.1 Construction Using Round Bamboo Culms 5
1.3.2 Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Structures 7
1.3.3 Engineered Bamboo Composites 8
1.3.4 Engineered Bamboo versus Engineered Timber Structures 9
1.4 Code and Standard Issues 12
1.4.1 Relevant Wood Standards 13
1.4.2 Standards and Specifications for Bamboo 14
1.5 Bamboo for a Sustainable Future 16
References 18
2 Production of Engineered Bamboo
2.1 Definition of Glubam 23
2.2 Manufacturing Process of Laminated Bamboo Boards 25
2.2.1 Laminated Thick-strip Bamboo Board 25
2.2.2 Laminated Thin-strip Bamboo Board- Plybamboo 27
2.3 Cold-pressing Process of Glubam 29
2.4 Environmental Assessment of Glubam Production 32
2.4.1 Analysis of Total Energy Consumption of Production 32
2.4.2 Analysis of Carbon Emissions 34
2.5 Emerging Technologies 36
2.5.1 Flattened Bamboo 36
2.5.2 High Frequency Hot Press Lamination 37
2.5.3 Bamboo Filament Winding 38
2.5.4 Cross Laminated Bamboo and Timber (CLBT) 39
2.5.5 Automation 41
References 42
3 Material Properties of Glubam 45
3.1 Basic Physical Properties of Glubam 45
3.2 Research Background of Mechanical Properties of Engineered Bamboo 46
3.3 Basic Mechanical Properties of Engineered Bamboo 49
3.3.1 Relevancy of Existing Specifications 49
3.3.2 Tensile Properties 50
3.3.3 Compressive Behavior 58
3.3.4 Bending Resistance of Glubam 60
3.3.5 Shear Performance 66
3.3.6 Torsional Behaviors of Glubam 81
3.3. 7 Comparison of Basic Mechanical Properties of Engineered Bamboo 84
3.4 Stress-strain Models for Engineered Bamboo 84
3.5 Long-term Creep Properties of Glubam 89
3.6 Aging Behavior of Glubam 93
3.6.1 Accelerated Aging Tests 93
3.6.2 Aging Test Specimens and Treatment 94
3.6.3 Test Results and Analysis 95
3.7 Behavior of Engineered Bamboo under High-strain Rate Loading 101
3. 7.1 Pendulum Impact Behavior 101
3. 7.2 High-strain Rate Compressive Behavior 103
3.8 Thermal and Fire Behaviors of Engineered Bamboo 106
3.8.1 Thermal Effects 106
3.8.2 Flammability and Fire Behavior of Glubam 109
3.9 Acoustic Properties of Engineered Bamboo 111
3.10 Future Research Needs and Research Update 112
References 116
4 Design Strength of Glubam 121
4.1 Specified and Characteristic Material Properties 121
4.1 .1 Quality Assurance 121
4.1 .2 Characteristic Properties 123
4.2 Allowable Stress Design (ASD) 123
4.2.1 General Concept of ASD 123
4.2.2 ASD-based Previous Chinese Code 126
4.2.3 US. ASD Design 127
4.3 Limit State Design Recommendations for Glubam Structures 130
4.3.1 Recommendation Following Chinese GB Code 130
4.3.2 Load and Resistance Factor Design ( LRFD) 134
4.3.3 Limit State Design Based on European Code EC-5 136
4.3.4 Summary of Design Strength Values 136
4.4 Future Code Development 136
References 137
5 Connections in Glubam Structures 139
5.1 Brief Review of Connections Used in Timber Structures 139
5.2 Embedment Strength of Glubam 141
5.2.1 Experimental Programs 142
5.2.2 Embedment Loading Behaviors 144
5.2.3 Embedment Strength 148
5.2.4 Embedment Strength of Different Glubams 149
Contents ix
5.2.5 Embedment Strength of Glubam in Arbitrary Directions 151
5.3 Compressive Behavior of Bolted Glubam Joints 152
5. 3.1 Compression Test Program 152
5.3.2 Experimental Results 154
5.3.3 Failure Analysis of Bolted Glubam Joints 155
5.4 Tensile Behavior of Bolted Glubam Joints 157
5.4.1 Tensile Test Programs 158
5.4.2 Failure Modes and Load-displacement Relationships 161
5.4.3 Discussions on Strength of Bolted Connections 163
5.5 Design Considerations of Bolted Glubam Connections 165
5.6 Toothed Metal Mending Plate Connected Glubam Joints 167
5.6.1 Materials and Tensile Strength of the Toothed Metal
Mending Plate 167
5.6.2 Tensile Behaviors of Toothed Metal Mending Plated
Glubam Joints 168
5.6.3 Shear Behaviors of Toothed Metal Mending Plated
Glubam Joints 17 5
5.7 Glued-in Rebar Glubam Joints 177
5. 7.1 Materials and Testing Methods 179
5. 7. 2 Experimental Results 180
5. 7. 3 Pull-out Strength 185
5. 7. 4 Glued-in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer ( CF RP) Rebar Glubam
Joints 186
5. 7.5 Elastic Analysis of Pull-out Mechanisms 189
5.8 Summary of Glubam Connections 193
References 194
6 Performance of Glubam Structural Members 197
6.1 Glubam Bending Members 197
6.1 .1 Design Concepts of Glubam Beams 198
6.1.2 Summary of Experimental Behaviors 198
6.1.3 Flexural Stiffness 201
6.1.4 Flexural Capacities 204
6.1.5 Moment-Curvature Analysis 207
6.1.6 Design Considerations for Glubam Beams 208
6.2 Research Updates on Various Glubam Beams 209
6.2.1 Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Enhanced Glubam Beams 209
6.2.2 Long-term Creep Behavior of Glubam Girders 210
6.2.3 Fatigue Performance of Glubam Beams 213
6.3 Glubam I-joists 214
6.4 Bamboo Concrete Composite (BCC) Beams 219
6.5 Glubam Members Subjected to Tension 220
6.6 Glubam Members Subjected to Compression 222
6.6.1 Columns and Members under Axial Compression 223
6. 6.2 Buckling Theory and Research Background on
Timber Columns 224
6.6.3 Behaviors of Glubam Columns and Analytical Capacities 229
6.7 Future Research Needs for Engineered Bamboo Components 231
References 23 3
• .. •. •Wtillli -
7 Glubam Trusses 237
7.1 Roof Truss Design 237
7 .2 Simple Triangular Glubam Trusses 237
7.3 Analysis of Glubam Trusses 241
7.4 Toothed Metal-Plate Connected Glubam Trusses 243
7.5 Other Types of Glubam Trusses 246
7.5.1 Comparison of Conventional and String-beam Truss Systems 246
7. 5.2 Steel- Glubam Hybrid Trusses 248
7.6 Summary of Glubam Trusses 250
References 252
8 Engineered Bamboo Structural Walls 255
8.1 Types of Lightweight Frame Structural Walls Involving Bamboo 255
8.1.1 Bamboo Panel Sheathed Lightweight Woodframe Walls 256
8.1.2 Bamboo Panel Sheathed Cold-formed Light-gauge Steel Frame
Walls 256
8.1.3 Glubam Lightweight Frame Walls 257
8.1.4 Round Bamboo-culm Frame Walls 257
8.2 Seismic Behavior of Lightweight Bamboo Walls 259
8.2.1 Plybamboo Sheathed Woodframe Walls 259
8.2.2 Testing Method 260
8.2.3 Experimental Performance 260
8.3 Seismic Analysis of Glubam Shear Walls 267
8.4 Thermal Performance of Lightweight Frame Walls 269
8.5 Fire Performance 271
8.6 Design Recommendations 273
References 276
9 Design and Construction of Engineered Bamboo Structures 279
9.1 Modular Mobile Buildings 279
9.1.1 Modular Panel Units 279
9.1.2 Modular Mobile Building Design 282
9.1.3 Construction of Prefabricated Glubam Houses 283
9.2 Performance Evaluation of Glubam Mobile Buildings 284
9.2.1 Lateral Resistance of the Prefabricated Glubam Mobile House 284
9.2.2 Comparative Fire-resistance Tests between Glubam and
Light-gauge Steel Mobile Houses 286
9.2.3 Wind Resistance and Water-tightness Study 288
9.2.4 The Great Wenchuan Earthquake Relief Efforts 289
9.3 Lightweight Glubam Frame Buildings 290
9.3.1 Basic Design Features of Lightweight Glubam Frame Structures 291
9.3.2 Vertical Load Transfer Mechanisms 295
9.3.3 Lateral Load Transfer Mechanisms 296
9.4 Performance of Lightweight Glubam Frame Buildings 298
9.4.1 Seismic Behavior 298
9.4.2 Fire Performance 306
9.4.3 In-room Air Quality Evaluation 310
9.5 Design Example of Lightweight Glubam Frame House 311
9.5.1 Computation of Loads 314
9.5.2 Design of Structural Components 315
9.6 Glubam Heavy Frame Structures 321
9.6.1 Glubam Single Story Frames 321
9.6.2 Design Example of a Multi-story Glubam Frame Building 325
References 335
Index 338