Preface vii About the author ix Acknowledgements xi 1Introduction 1 2Metals 3 2.1General 3 2.2Corrosion mechanisms 3 2.3Corrosion types 15 2.4Metal corrosion in practice 28 2.5Protection of metals 36 2.6References 53 3Concrete 54 3.1Introduction 54 3.2Chemical degradation mechanisms 55 3.3Frost-thaw and de-icing salt damage71 3.4Reinforcement corrosion 77 3.5Principles of protection and repair of concrete structures 93 3.6Repair mortars104 3.7Crack repair methods107 3.8Protective surface treatments108 3.9Cathodic protection systems123 3.10Practical cases of repair 130 3.11References 137 4Wood 139 4.1Introduction 139 4.2Deterioration 140 4.4 Hazard and durability classes 4.3 Protection 147 4.4 Hazard and durability classes 152 4.5 Maintenance and restoration 154 4.6 Repair 155 4.7 References 156 5 New high-performance materials 158 5.1 Introduction 158 5.2 High-performance concrete 159 5.3 High-performance steel 168 5.4 Fibre-reinforced polymers 168 5.5 References 177 6 Strategies for durability design, maintenance and repair 179 6.1 Introduction 179 6.2 Definitions 180 6.3 Listing of deterioration mechanisms and effects184 6.4 Approaches to design for service life 186 6.5 Probabilistic approach to service life design192 6.6 Redundancy and over-design 213 6.7 Maintenance strategies 214 6.8 Life-cycle costing 218 6.9 Environmental life-cycle assessment 231 6.10 References 234 7 Case studies 236 7.1 Introduction 236 7.2 Specification 236 7.3 Case study 1: steel and concrete bridges in a warm marine environment 238 7.4 Repair of reinforced concte floors 246 7.3 Wooden piles 253 7.6 References 257 Index 258