CONTENTS Preface List of Tables vii Acronyms and Abbreviations viii Local Terms x Acknowledgements xi Executive Summary xiii I. UNDERSTANDING RIGHTS DEPRIVATIONS AND THE RIGHTS REFORM PROCESS IN AP'S FORESTED LANDSCAPES 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Research Questions and Methods 2 1.3 Applying a Historical Institutional approach 4 II. POVERTY IN AP'S FORESTED LANDSCAPES 6 2.1 AP's Forested Landscapes 6 2.2 AP's Forest People 8 2.3 The Poverty of AP's Forest People 13 III. RIGHTS DEPRIVATION PROCESSES IN AP'S FORESTED LANDSCAPES 14 3.1 Forest People under Changing Forest Policy 14 3.2 Forested Landscapes under the British Colonial State 15 3.3. Forest Landscapes under the Princely Hyderabad State 19 3.4. Post Independence Tribal Protections, Provisions and Initiatives 21 3.5. Development and Displacement in Fotested Areas 24 IV. UNDERSTANDING RIGHTS DEPRIVATIONS AND THE RIGHTS REFORM PROCESS IN AP'S FORESTED LANDSCAPES 36 4.1. Forest Rights Deptivations on the Ground in AP 36 4.2. Forest Rights Deprivations in Study Villages 36 4.3. Negative Livelihood Impacts of Forest Rights Deprivation 40 4.4. Political Contestation over Rights Deprivations in AP and the Emergence of the FRA 41 4.5. Does the FRA Adequately Cover AP's Forest Rights Deprivations? 43 V. THE FRA IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS IN AP 45 5.1. Srate-leve! Implementation Plans and Processes 45 5.2. Local-level Implementation 49 5.3. Aggregate Status of FRA Implementation in AP 73 VI. IS IT PRO-POOR? PROSPECTS OF FRA IMPLEMENTATION FOR LIVELIHOOD 77 6.1 Follow up Action for land development 80 VII. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 81 Policy Recommendations 83 References 85 Appendix 91