Preface xv Hbout the flute xix Chapter 1 Introduction to Materials Science and Enpineerino 1 Introduction1 1-1What is Materials Science and Engineering? 2 1-2Classification of Materials 5 1-3Functional Classification of Materials 9 1-4Classification of Materials Based on Structure11 1-5Environmental and Other Effects12 1-6Materials Design and Selection14 SUMY 15 GLOSSARY 16 PROBLEMS 17 Chapter 2 fltomic Structure 19________ Introduction19 2-1The Structure of Materials: Technological Relevance 20 2-2The Structure of the Atom 21 2-3The Electronic Structure of the Atom 26 2-4The Periodic Table 28 2-5Atomic Bonding 30 2-6Binding Energy and Interatomic Spacing 37 SUMMRRY 40 GLOSSRRY 41 PROBLEMS 43 Chapter 3 fltomic and Ionic flrranQements 46 Introduction 46 3-1 Short-Range Order versus Long-Range Order 47 3-2 Amorphous Materials: Principles and Technological Applications 49 3-3 Lattice, Unit Cells, Basis, and Crystal Structures 50 3-4 Allotropic or Polymorphic Transformations 58 3-5 Points, Directions, and Planes in the Unit Cell59 3-6 Interstitial Sites 69 3-7 Crystal Structures of Ionic Materials 71 3-8 Covalent Structures 74 3-9 Diffraction Techniques for Crystal Structure Analysis 75 SUMMRRY 77 GLOSSARY 78 PROBLEMS 80 Chapter 4 Imperfections in the fltomic and Ionic (tenements 84 Introduction 84 4.1Point Defects 85 4.2Other Point Defects 91 4.3Dislocations 92 4.4Significance of Dislocations 99 4.5Schmid's Law 99 4.6Influence of Crystal Structure101 4.7Surface Defects102 4.8Importance of Defects 106 SUMMARY109 GLOSSRRY 109 PROBLEMS 111 Chapter S fltom and Ion Movements in Materials 114 Introduction114 5-1 Applications of Diffusion115 5-2 Stability of Atoms and Ions117 5-3 Mechanisms for Diffusion119 5-4 Activation Energy for Diffusion121 5-5 Rate of Diffusion (Pick's First Law)122 5-6 Factors Affecting Diffusion125 5-7 Permeability of Polymers 131 5-8 Composition Profile (Fick's Second Law)132 5-9 Diffusion and Materials Processing 136 SUMY 137 GLOSSRRY 138 PROBLEMS 139 Chapter 6 Mechanical Properties: Fundamentals and Tensile, Hardness, and Impact Testing 143 Introduction143 6-1 Technological Significance144 6-2 Terminology for Mechanical Properties 145 6-3 The Tensile Test: Use of the Stress-Strain Diagram149 6-4 Properties Obtained from the Tensile Test153 6-5 True Stress and True Strain159 6-6 The Bend Test for Brittle Materials161 6-7 Hardness of Materials164 6-8 Strain Rate Effects and Impact Behavior 166 6-9 Properties Obtained from the Impact Test 167 SOMMRRY 170 GLOSSARY 170 PROBLEMS 173 Chapter 7 Fracture Mechanics, Fatigue, and Creep Behavior 177 Introduction177 7-1 Fracture Mechanics 178 7-2 The Importance of Fracture Mechanics 181 7-3 Microstructural Features of Fracture in Metallic Materials 184 7-4 Microstructural Features of Fracture in Ceramics, Glasses, and Composites 188 7-5 Weibull Statistics for Failure Strength Analysis190 7-6 Fatigue 195 7-7 Results of the Fatigue Test198 7-8 Application of Fatigue Testing 200 7-9 Creep, Stress Rupture, and Stress Corrosion 204 7-10 Evaluation of Creep Behavior 206 SUMMRRY 207 GLOSSRRY 200 PROBLEMS 209 Chapter 8 Strain Hardening and flnnealing 213_____ Introduction 213 8-1 Relationship of Cold Working to the Stress-Strain Curve 214 8-2 Strain-Hardening Mechanisms 219 8-3 Properties versus Percent Cold Work 220 8-4 Microstructure, Texture Strengthening, and Residual Stresses 223 8-5 Characteristics of Cold Working 227 8-6 The Three Stages of Annealing 229 8-7 Control of Annealing 232 8-8 Annealing and Materials Processing 234 8-9 Networking 236 SUMHRRY 238 GLOSSRRV 238 PROBLEMS 240 Chapter 9 Principles and Applications of Solidification 245 Introduction 245 9-1 Technological Significance 246 9-2 Nucleation247 9-3 Growth Mechanisms 252 9-4 Cooling Curves 257 9-5 Cast Structure 259 9-6 Solidification Defects 260 9-7 Casting Processes for Manufacturing Components 262 9-8 Continuous Casting, Ingot Casting, and Single Crystal Growth 9-9 Solidification of Polymers and Inorganic Glasses 266 9-10 Joining of Metallic Materials 267 264 SUMMARY 269 GLOSSARY 269 PROBLEMS 272 Chapter 10 Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium 277 Introduction277 10-1 Phases and the Phase Diagram 278 10-2 Solubility and Solid Solutions 282 10-3 Conditions for Unlimited Solid Solubility 285 10-4 Solid-Solution Strengthening 286 10-5 Isomorphous Phase Diagrams 289 10-6 Relationship Between Properties and the Phase Diagram 298 10-7 Solidification of a Solid-Solution Alloy 299 SUMMARY 301 GLOSSARY 302 PROBLEMS 304 Chapter 11 Dispersion Strengthening and Eutecfic Phase Diagrams 309 Introduction 309 11-1 Principles and Examples of Dispersion Strengthening 310 11-2 Intermetallic Compounds 311 11-3 Phase Diagrams Containing Three-Phase Reactions 313 11-4 The Eutectic Phase Diagram 316 11-5 Strength of Eutectic Alloys 326 11-6 Eutectics and Materials Processing 331 11-7 Nonequilibrium Freezing in the Eutectic System 333 SUMMRRY 334 GLOSSARY 335 .PROBLEMS 336 Chapter 12 Dispersion Strengthening bij Phase Transformations and ___Heat Treatment 342__________ Introduction 342 12-1 Nucleation and Growth in Solid-State Reactions 343 12-2 Alloys Strengthened by Exceeding the Solubility Limit 347 12-3 Age or Precipitation Hardening 349 12-4 Applications of Age-Hardened Alloys 349 12-5 Microstructural Evolution in Age or Precipitation Hardening 350 12-6 Effects of Aging Temperature and Time 352 12-7 Requirements for Age Hardening 354 12-8 Use of Age-Hardenable Alloys at High Temperatures 354 12-9 The Eutectoid Reaction 355 12-10 Controlling the Eutectoid Reaction 360 12-11 The Martensitic Reaction and Tempering 365 SUNMRRY 369 GLOSSRRY 370 PROBLEMS 372 Chapter 13 Heat Treatment of Steels and Cast Irons 376 Introduction 376 13-1 Designations and Classification of Steels 377 13-2 Simple Heat Treatments 381 13-3 Isothermal Heat Treatments 383 13-4 Quench and Temper Heat Treatments 386 13-5 Effect of Alloying Elements 391 13-6 Application of Hardenability 394 13-7 Specialty Steels 397 13-8 Surface Treatments 398 13-9 Weldability of Steel 401 13-10 Stainless Steels 402 13-11 Cast Irons 406 SUMMARY 412 GLOSSRRY 412 PROBLEMS 415 Chapter 14 Nonferrous Rlloijs 420 Introduction 420 14-1 Aluminum Alloys 421 14-2 Magnesium and Beryllium Alloys 428 14-3 Copper Alloys 430 14-4 Nickel and Cobalt Alloys 433 14-5Titanium Alloys 437 14-6 Refractory and Precious Metals 444 SUMMAAY 445 GLOSSARY 445 PAOBLENS 446 Chapter IS Ceramic Materials 449______ Introduction 449 15-1 Applications of Ceramics 450 15-2 Properties of Ceramics 452 15-3 Synthesis and Processing of Ceramic Powders 453 15-4 Characteristics of Sintered Ceramics 458 15-5 Inorganic Glasses 460 15-6 Glass-Ceramics 466 15-7 Processing and Applications-of Clay Products 468 15-8 Refractories 469 15-9 Other Ceramic Materials 471 SUMMARY 473 GLOSSRRY 474 PROBLEMS 475 ChflpieMB Polymers 477__________ Introduction 477 16-1 Classification of Polymers 478 16-2 Addition and Condensation Polymerization 482 16-3 Degree of Polymerization 485 16-4 Typical Thermoplastics 487 16-5 Structure-Property Relationships in Thermoplastics 489 16-6 Effect of Temperature on Thermoplastics 493 16-7 Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastics 499 16-8 Elastomers (Rubbers) 504 16-9 Thermosetting Polymers 509 16-10 Adhesives 511 16-11 Polymer Processing and Recycling 512 SOMMARY 517 GLOSSARY 518 PROBLEMS 520 Chapter 17 Composites: Teamwork and Synergy in Materials 523 Introduction 523 17-1 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites 525 17-2 Particulate Composites 527 17-3 Fiber-Reinforced Composites 532 17-4 Characteristics of Fiber-Reinforced Composites 537 17-5 Manufacturing Fibers and Composites 544 17-6 Fiber-Reinforced Systems and Applications 548 17-7 Laminar Composite Materials 555 17-8 Examples and Applications of Laminar Composites 557 17-9 Sandwich Structures 558 SUMMRRY 559 GLOSSARY 560 PROBLEMS 562 Appendix A : Selected Physical Properties of Metals 565 Appendix B: The fltomic and Ionic Radii of Selected Elements 567 Answers to Selected Problems 569 Index 572