PartHighway Planning and Development Issues 1 Financing HighwaysAnthony T.H. Chin - .. l- 1.1 Introduction- 1-1 1.2 Financing Structure and Sources ..- 1-3 1.3 Role of Donor Agencies ..- . 1-9 1.4 An Analysis of Highway Project Financing- . 1-10 1.5 Template for Successful Highway Financing 1-16 References ..- .1-20 Further Reading ..- .1-21 2 Access Management of HighwaysK. Ragumman and Kumares C. Sinha 2-1 2.1 Introduction- 2-1 2.2 Principles of Access Management- 2-2 2.3 Economic Impacts of Access Management and Public Participation .2-14 2.4 Conclusion ..- 2-16 Acknowledgment ..- ..2-17 References ..- .2-17 3 Environmental Impact Assessment of Highway DevelopmentM.A. Aziz ..3-1 3.1 Introduction- 3-1 3.2 EIA in Phases of Highway Development ..- ..3-6 3.3 EIA Activities in Highway Development- 3-8 3.4 EIA Methodologies ..- ..3-14 3.5 Summary ..- ..3-21 References ..- .3-22 4 Highway Safetylan Johnston ..- 4-1 Part A - Fundamental Concepts in Road Traffic Safety ..4-2 4.1Safe System Design Is Paramount ..- 4-2 4.2 The Dimensions of the Road Traffic Injury Problem 4-3 4.3 Measuring Road Traffic Safety Performance ..- ..4-5 4.4Is Safety Just a By-Product of the Road Transport System? 4-S 4.5Modern Thinking about Road Traffic Safety ..4- -12 Part B - The Tool Box for Road and Traffic Engineers 4-2C 4.6A Safety Engineering Mindset ..- ..4-20 4.7Matching Systems to Users ..- ..4-22 4.8Moving beyond Standards ..- 4-27 4.9Travel Speed and Journey Time - the Horns of the Mobility and Safety Dilemma 4-29 4.10 Will Information Technology Be the Springboard to a Safer System? 4-32 4.11 The Decision Making Process ..- ..4-34 Part C - Summary and Conclusions ..- ..4-35 4.12 Bringing It All Together ..- 4-35 References ..- .4-36 5 Road Traffic NoiseStephen Samuels ..- 5-1 5.1 Introduction and Fundamentals ..- .5-1 5.2Road Traffic Noise ..- 5-7 5.3A Case Study..- ..5-26 5.4Summary ..- ..5-29 References ..- .5-30 Further Reading.- 5-32 Part BFunctional and Structural Design of Highways 6 Highway Geometric DesignR.L. Cheu ..- ..6-1 6.1Design Concept and Philosophy ..- .6-1 6.2Highway Alignment Design ..- 6-3 6.3Design Control and Criteria ..- ..6-6 6.4 Design Elements ..- ..6-8 6.5Level of Service Consideration ..- ..6-21 6.6Summary ..- ..6-22 References ..- .6-22 7Highway Materials Weng On Tarn ..- ..7-1 7.1 Introduction- 7-1 7.2Hot-Mix Asphalt Concrete ..- 7-1 7.3Emulsified and Cutback Asphalts ..- ..7-34 7.4Portland Cement Concrete ..- ..7-37 7.5Base and Subbase Materials ..- ..7-39 References ..- .7-39 Further Information- 7-40 8Design of Flexible PavementsMichaels. Mamlouk 8-1 8.1 Introduction.- ..8-1 8.2 Design Objectives, Constraints, and Evolution 8-9 8.3 Stresses and Strains in Flexible Pavements ..- ..8-11 8.4 Major Road Experiments ..- 8-14 8.5 AASHTO, 1993 Design Method ..- 8-15 8.6 Proposed AASHTO Mechanistic-Empirical Design Method 8-26 8.7Summary ..- ..8-33 References..- .8-34 9 Design of Rigid PavementsT.F. Fwa and Liu Wei ..9-1 9.1Characteristics of Rigid Pavements ..- ..9-2 9.2Considerations for Structural Design of Rigid Pavement ..9-4 9.3Computation of Design Traffic Loading ..- ..9-5 9.4Material Properties for Design of Rigid Pavement 9-11 9.5Computation of Load-Induced Stresses: Conventional Methods ..9-15 9.6Computation of Load-Induced Stresses: Improved Methods 9-18 9.7Computation of Thermal Stresses: Conventional Methods ..9-23 9.8Computation of Thermal Stresses: Improved Methods 9-26 9.9Thickness Design of Concrete Pavement ..- 9-28 9.10 Reinforcement Design of Rigid Pavement ..- ..9-40 9.11 Joints and Load Transfer Design ..- 9-44 9.12 Future Developments ..- ..9-49 References ..- .9-50 Appendix 9A User's Manual for MSLAB_LOAD ..- .9-53 Appendix 9B User's Manual for WARP-NONLINEAR 9-57 10Design of Segmental Pavements John W. Bull- .. 10-1 10.1 Introduction to Segmental Pavements ..- 10-2 10.2 History of Segmental Pavements ..- .. 10-2 10.3 Types of Segmental Pavements- 10-3 10.4 Where Segmental Pavements are Used ..- 10-4 10.5 Traffic Loading ..- 10-6 10.6 Design Procedures for Segmental Pavements . 10-7 10.7 Maintenance and Reinstatement of Segmental Pavements .10-13 10.8 Manufacture of Segmental Pavements ..- .. 10-15 10.9 Laying of Segmental Pavements ..- .. 10-16 10.10Materials and Definitions Used for Segmental Pavements ..10-17 10.11International Segmental Paving ..- .. 10-19 10.12Model Specification Clauses for Segmental Paving 10-20 10.13The Future of Segmental Paving ..- .. 10-22 Acknowledgments ..- 10-23 References ..- 10-23 11Overlay Design for Flexible PavementsMang Tia ll-l 11.1 Introduction- 11-1 11.2 Evaluation of Pavement Performance for Overlay 11-3 11.3 Procedures for Design of AC Overlay on Flexible Pavement 11-6 11.4 Procedures for Design of PCC Overlay on Flexible Pavement 11-17 11.5 Summary ..- .11-23 References ..- 11-23 12Overlay Design for Rigid PavementsT.F. Fwa 12-1 12.1 Introduction- 12-1 12.2 Concrete Overlays of Concrete Pavement ..- 12-2 12.3 Asphalt Concrete Overlays of Concrete Pavement 12-10 12.4 Future Development ..- ..12-16 References ..- 12-16 13 Highway Drainage Systems and DesignKhaled Ksaibati and Laycee L Kolkman 13-1 13.1 Introduction- 13-1 13.2 Surface Drainage- 13-3 13.3 Erosion Prevention ..- ..13-4 13.4 Hydraulic Design ..- 13-5 13.5 Subdrainage Design ..- 13-44 13.6 Summary ..- .13-62 Acknowledgments ..- 13-62 References ..- 13-63 Further Reading ..- 13-63 Appendix 13A ..- .13-63 Part CConstruction, Maintenance and Management of Highways 14 Highway ConstructionK.N. Gunalan ..- 14-1 14.1 Introduction ..- ..14-1 14.2 Highway Elements and Layout ..- .14-1 14.3 Construction Methods and Means ..- 14-2 14.4 Subgrade Preparation and Stabilization ..- .. 14-5 14.5 Embankment Materials and Construction- 14-6 14.6 Subbase Course Materials and Construction .. 14-8 14.7 Base Course Materials and Construction ..- 14-8 14.8 Surface Course Construction ..- 14-9 14.9 Summary- 14-13 15 Project Management in Highway ConstructionDerek Walker and Amn Kumar ..15-1 15.1 Project Management Overview ..- .15-1 15.2 Project Planning ..- .15-2 15.3 Organizational Framework ..- .15-14 15.4 Monitoring and Control.- .. 15-15 15.5 Risk Management ..-..15-24 15.6 Human Resources Management ..- .. 15-32 References ..- 15-34 16 Highway Maintenancelan van Wijk ..- .16-1 16.1 General ..- .16-2 16.2 Description and Definition of Highway Maintenance .16-3 16.3 Description of Defects and Appropriate Maintenance Actions .16-4 16.4 Planning and Management ..- 16-21 16.5 Maintenance Criteria ..- .16-24 16.6 Remedial Maintenance Activities ..- . 16-28 16.7 Preventive Maintenance Activities ..- 16-33 16.8 Dust Suppressants ..- .16-37 16.9 Design and Construction of Surface Dressings . 16-38 16.10Design and Construction of a Slurry Seal ..- .16-47 16.11Winter Maintenance ..- ..16-48 16.12Execution of Highway Maintenance ..- . 16-49 16.13Performance-Based Specifications ..- 16-51 16.14Labor-Based Techniques ..- 16-53 16.15Other Considerations ..- .16-54 16.16Summary ..- .16-56 Acknowledgments ..- 16-56 References ..- 16-56 Further Reading.- 16-59 Appendix 16A Repair of Defects in Flexible Pavements 16-61 Appendix 16B Repair of Defects in Rigid Pavements 16-6- 5 Appendix 16C Repairs of Other Defects ..- .. 16-68 17Asset Management Sue McNeil and Pannapa Herabat 17-1 17.1 Introduction- 17-1 17.2 Highway Asset Management Framework ..- 17-7 17.3 Tools for Highway Asset Management- .. 17-17 17.4 An Application: GASB 34 and Asset Valuation . 17-23 17.5 Implementation and System Sustainability Issues 17-27 17.6 An Application: Asset Financial Management- 17-29 17.7 Efforts and Challenges ..- 17-33 17.8 Conclusion and Future Directions ..- .. 17-39 References ..- 17-39 18Pavement Management SystemsWaheed Uddin ..18-1 18.1 Historical Overview of PMS ..- .18-2 18.2 Network Level vs. Project-Level PMS Functions .18-6 18.3 Data Needs, Decision-Support Systems, CIS, Database Design ..18-10 18.4 Network Partitioning, Inventory and Monitoring Databases ..18-14 18.5 Traffic Data History and Environmental Data Needs 18-16 18.6 Pavement Condition Monitoring and Evaluation Technologies ..18-18 18.7 Pavement Condition Deterioration and Performance Models 18-26 18.8 Pavement LCC Analysis and User Cost Models 18-35 18.9 Maintenance, Rehabilitation & Reconstruction (M,R&R) Policies and Analysis 18-39 18.10 Priority Ranking and Prioritization Methodologies ..18-49 18.11 PMS Program Management Reports and Contract Packaging 18-53 18.12 PMS Development, Implementation, and Institutional Issues 18-54 18.13 PMS Case Studies ..- ..18-59 18.14 Innovative Technologies and Future Directions 18-61 References ..- 18-64 19Highway Condition Surveys and Serviceability EvaluationZahidul Hoque 19-1 19.1 Introduction- 19-2 19.2 Types of Pavement Distresses and Their Identification 19-3 19.3 Measurement and Reporting of Pavement Distress Data 19-20 19.4 Methods and Equipment for Pavement Condition Surveys 19-21 19.5 Pavement Condition Indices ..- ..19-25 19.6 Serviceability and Roughness Measurements 19-29 19.7 Summary and Future Developments ..- 19-43 References ..- 19-44 20Structural Evaluation of Highway PavementsT.R Fwa .20-1 20.1 Approaches of Structural Evaluation of Pavements 20-1 20.2 Equipment for Nondestructive Deflection Test ..20-8 20.3 Backcalculation of Rigid-Pavement Properties ..20-13 20.4 Backcalculation of Flexible-Pavement Properties 20-22 20.5 Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Backcalculation Analysis 20-28 20.6 Future Developments ..- .20-29 References ..- 20-30 Appendix 20A User's Manual for NUS-BACK ..- ..20-34 Appendix 20B User's Manual for NUS-BACK3 ..- .20-37 Appendix 20C User's Manual for NUS-BACK2