CONTENTS Acknowledgements i List of figures vi List of storyboards vii List of toolboxes vii INTRODUCTION 1 Foundations and framework of this study I 1.1 Premise I 1.2 Goal and context I 1.3 Research hypotheses 2 1.4 Objectives 3 1.5 Structure 3 1.6 Methodology 4 1.7 New insights and their limits 5 1.8 Guidelines for the reader 5 PART ONE - Product-service systems versus products: theory and practice 2 An economy in transformation 9 2.1 Economic development and sustainability 9 2.2 From finished products to open product-service systems I I 2.2.1 Differences and similarities 12 2.2.2 A path of classification 14 2.3 Drivers for change: the role of digital technology 17 2.4 Steering factors for eco-efficient services 19 2.4.1 Environmental regulation 19 2.4.2 Customer expectations 20 2.5 Observations 21 3 Learning experiences 23 3.1 A few business examples 23 3.1.1 Leasing and rental practices 23 3.1.2 Provision of total solutions 24 3.2 A closer look at two selected cases 26 3.2.1 Xerox 26 3.2.2 Hewlett Packard 29 3.3 Observations 33 4 A new business logic 35 4.1 Innovation and cultural change 35 4.2 Beyond value chain towards value network 37 4.3 Corporate transformation 39 4.4 Commercial patterns 41 4.4.1 Roles and actors 43 4.5 Observations 44 5 Strategic design and innovation 45 5.1 Design paradigm and discontinuity 45 5.2 From eco-design to design-for-sustainability 47 5.2.1 Main product implications 51 5.2.2 Comprehensive design principles 52 5.3 Emerging methods and activities 53 5.3.1 'Designing eco-efficient services'Toolbox 54 5.3.2 The 'HiCS' concept generation method 56 5.4 Observations 59 PART TWO - Grounding sustainability in creativity: experimentation 6 The Philips context: from eco-efficiency to the triple bottom line 6 I 6.1 Introduction 61 6.2 Current practices and new ambitions 63 6.2.1 Beyond process and product performance 65 6.2.2 Enrichment of the High Design Process 66 6.3 Some thoughts about the contribution of this study 68 7 Workshop A: people with reduced mobility and personal well-being 69 7.1 Setting the scene: scope and outcome 69 7.1.1 Structure of the creative process 70 7.2 Concepts assessment and selection 72 7.3 Framing the business case 73 7.3.1 Video-phone circle 74 7.3.2 Mirror of well-being 80 7.3.3 Well-being detector 86 7.4 Concept architecture: open systems 92 7.5 Evaluating the process: some lessons 93 8 Workshop B: people with reduced access to healthy food 95 8.1 Setting the scene: scope and outcome 95 8.1.1 Structure of the creative process 97 8.2 Concepts assessment and selection 98 8.3 Framing the business case 99 8.3.1 Nutritional nuggets 100 8.3.2 Freshfood-2-go 105 8.4 Concept architecture: open systems I 10 8.5 Evaluating the process: some lessons 112 9 The methodological co-design approach and its tools I 13 9.1 The process in twelve practical steps I 13 9.2 Before the workshop 119 9.2.1 Knowledge gathering and exchange 119 9.3 During the workshop 122 9.3.1 Creating concepts and building scenarios 122 9.4 After the workshop 133 9.4.1 Visualization and communication 133 9.5 Observations 136 10 Conclusions and recommendations 139 10.1 Learning from the theory I 39 10.1.1 Business and design lessons 140 10.2 Learning by doing: the methodological co-design approach 143 10.2.1 Specific findings of the experimentation 144 10.3 Next possible research direction 147 APPENDICES Appendix I Background information for workshop A 151 Appendix II Background information for workshop B 157 References I 6 I Internet sources I 69 Interviews 173 Summary 175 Nederlandstalige samenvatting (Summary in Dutch) 179 Glossary 183 About the author 187