Contents
List of case studies ix
Preface xi
Surveying buildings 1
1.Surveying buildings 1
The nature of building surveys 1
Purpose of building surveys 2
Works to existing buildings 3
Surveying historic buildings 6
2. Forms of building survey 8
Basis of building surveys 8
General survey formats 10
Specific survey formats 17
Appropriateness of the survey format 25
3. Historic buildings and sites 27
Architectural or historic interest 27
Character and identity 36
Historical association 36
Materials and construction 38
Protection 42
The future 49
4. Building surveys I: Basis of inspection 54
Commissioning a building survey 54
Instructions 56
Preliminaries 58
Basic equipment 63
Personal safety and comfort 69
5. Building surveys II: The inspection 72
Safety 72
Establishing a base 72
Safe working access 73
Order of inspection 73
Site records 76
Observation 76
Defect diagnosis 79
Non-destructive investigation 82
Monitoring defects 90
Monitoring structural movement 91
Monitoring material degradation 99
Monitoring environmental conditions 100
6. Building surveys III: Assessment and report 107
Assessment criteria 107
Measures of condition 109
Survey report 112
Responsibilities and duties of care 123
Professional indemnity 124
7. Causes of deterioration and decay 129
Building defects 129
Human factors 129
Atmospheric and climatic action 131
Excess moisture 133
Chemical, physical and biological action 140
Movement 159
Fire 165
8. Building element I: Roofs 168
Introduction 168
Roof structure 169
Roof covering 175
Flashings and weatherings 187
Associated joinery 190
Roofscape features 190
9. Building element II: Walls and structural frames 196
Introduction 196
Foundations 197
Wall construction 199
Wall materials 203
Structural frames and infill panels 221
External wall coverings and finishes 231
10. Building element III: Ceilings, partitions and floors 237
Introduction 237
Ceilings 237
Partitions 239
Floors 241
11.Building element IV: Doors, windows and stairs 251
Introduction 251
Doors 251
Windows 254
Stairs 261
12.Building element V: Fixtures, fittings and finishes 263
Introduction
Plastered walls and ceilings 263
Wall panelling 268
Applied and surface decoration 268
Furnishings and chattels 273
13.Building element VI: Services 275
Introduction 275
Water supply 276
Drainage and waste disposal 278
Heating and ventilation 289
Cooking 293
Lighting 293
Electrical supply and fittings 295
Communications 296
Mechanical conveyance 296
Firefighting 297
Security 298
14 Site and environment 300
Site 300
Ground and site conditions 302
Site features 304
Security 309
15. Industrial heritage 310
Introduction 310
Status 310
Documentation 314
Physical condition 315
Architectural and archaeological features 318
Site and environment 319
Specialists and specialized equipment 320
Threats 321
16. Standing ruins and archaeological sites 326
Introduction 326
Status ' 328
Documentation 329
Architectural and archaeological features 331
Site and environment 332
Specialists and specialized equipment 335
Threats 336
17. A look to the future 344
Introduction 344
Standards 344
Informed surveying 345
The conservation professional 346
Education and training 347
Maintenance and management 348
Computerization and information sources 349
Current and future survey considerations 350
Surveying historic buildings 353
Appendix A:
English Heritage Buildings At Risk survey form 355
Appendix B:
Hazard identification checklist 362
Appendix C:
Useful contacts 371
Bibliography 374
Index 391