TY - GEN AU - Ponnuswamy, S. TI - Bridge engineering SN - 9780070656956 U1 - 624.2 PY - 2013/// CY - New Delhi PB - McGraw hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd. N1 - Contents Preamble vii Foreword ix Preface to the second edition xi Preface to the first edition xiii Acknowledgements xix Copyright permissions xxi 1. Introduction 1 Definition History of development of bridges Classification of bridges Planning for a bridge Different stages of planning Preliminary/conceptual design Detailed design Summary Annexure 1.1 Some Notable Bridge Links in the World 24 Annexure 1.2 Illustrations of some Notable Bridges 25 2. Investigation for bridges and culverts 35 Investigation for culverts and minor bridges Topographic details Catchments area map Hydrologic particulars Geo-technical details Seismology of the area Navigational requirements Construction resources Particulars of nearest bridges Traffic forecast Report and drawing Summary References 3. Investigations for important bridges 61 Factors for choice of ideal site Techno-economic feasibility (or preliminary) study Project report stage Drawings to accompany the project report Project report Summary References Annexure 3.1 Details for Model Studies Required for sitting a Bridge Across a Major and Important River 4. Design flood discharge for bridges 76 Introduction Contribution factors Methods of determination of design flood Unit hydrograph method Choice of method Foundation design discharge Summary References Annexure 4.1 Selected Flood Formulae Evolved Around the World Annexure 4.2 Heaviest Rainfall in One Hour at Various Important Rain Gauge Station in India Annexure 4.3 Values of Rugosity Coefficient n for Open Channels with Other than Coarse Bed Material Annexure 4.4 Case Study – Design Flood by Unit Hydrograph Method 5. Linear waterway of bridges 108 General Scour and depth of flow Afflux Calculation of waterway Summary References 6. Choice of foundation for piers and abutments 132 Types of bridge foundations Cost ratio Clearance Choice of foundation Open foundation Pile foundation Well foundation Block foundations Summary References 7. Types of bridges and loading standards 146 Classification of culverts and bridges Components of bridge structures Need for loading standards Loading requirements Railway loading standards Road bridge loadings Some comments Summary References 8. Setting out for piers and abutments 202 General Aim Setting out for minor bridges and culverts Setting out single span bridge Setting out multispan bridge Setting out for major/important bridges Summary References Annexure 8.1 Fixing Towers and Base Line Measurement for Brahmaputra Bridge by Survey of India 9. Open foundation 215 Open or shallow foundations Open excavation in dry condition Foundation below subsoil water Baling out water Cofferdams for deeper foundations Floating caisson process Structural forms Design consideration individual footing Design procedure and example Raft foundation Summary References 10. Pile foundations 236 General Spacing of piles Material for construction Soil friction factors Precast driven piles Design of pile foundation Load tests Strength of group piles Lateral resistance of piles Factor of safety Construction. Driven piles versus cast-in-situ piles Large diameter bored cast-in-situ piles Construction of bored piles Structural design of pile foundation Summary References 11. Well foundation 302 Types of wells Caissons Design of wells Sinking effort Material for steining Design of curb and cutting edge Construction Sinking of wells Some problems of open sinking Use of divers for sinking Pneumatic sinking Working of pneumatic equipment Rate of sinking Bottom plug Sand filling Top plug and well cap Summary References 12. Well foundations 366 case studies Design for a railway bridge Construction problems Formation of island in very deep channel: road-cum-river bridge across river godavari at4 rajahmundry Sinking through rock using divers Pneumatic sinking Case studies on 'tilting' corrections Combined foundations Summary References 13. Piers and abutments 398 Function Aesthetics Materials of construction Piers and abutments Wing walls Construction problems Summary References Annexure 13.1 Design of Pier 14. Superstructure 412 design aspects Historical development Types of bridges Choice of materials Design principles Design procedure for bridge superstructure Composite construction Box girders Continuous span girders References 15. Superstructure-Construction 500 construction Dependent factors Arch and slab bridges Steel girder bridges Site erection methods Suspension bridges Cable stayed bridges9 Bearings Case studies Summary References Annexure 15.1 Rules for Prestressing Open Web Girder Spans Annexure 15.2 Longest Suspension Bridges Annexure 15.3. Long Cable Stayed Bridges 16. Inspection of bridges 543 General Necessity for inspection of bridges Inspection procedures in various countries Procedure for inspection Aspects of inspection Testing of bridges Criteria for assessment of safe load capacity Aids for bridge inspection and maintenance Summary References 17. Maintenance of bridges 570 substructure Foundation Substructure Repairs to leaning masonry Maintenance of arch superstructure Repairs to the concrete substructure Summary References 18. Maintenance of superstructure 582 girders General Steel Oiling and greasing of bearings Cracks in steel work Buckling and bending in members Loss of camber Repairs to steel structures Concrete girders Summary References Annexure 18.1 Metallishing Specification and Equipment Needed 19. Rebuilding of bridges 594 Why rebuild bridges Replacement Rebuilding of pier tops Replacement of girders (regirdering) Preliminary work Modus operandi of various methods Girder renewal with cranes Renewal of girders with gantries Enveloping method Floatation method Rebuilding over diversion Construction without temporary arrangements Summary References 20. Construction management 617 General Planning requirements Stages of execution Planning and control techniques Repairs and rebuilding bridges Monitoring and updating Summary References Annexure 20.1 Typical problems arising during project control 21. Grade separators 635 Planning Layouts for interchanges Detailed scheme preparation Design of the structure Summary References Annexure 21.1 Some example of Special Design Grade Separators 22. River training and protection works 658 Introduction Protection works for bridges with reduced waterway Design of guide bund a review Armouring of side slopes of guide bunds Apron protection Summary References 23. Abbreviations, notations and bibliography 680 Abbreviations Notations Additional references A. Appendix a: design flood estimation by frequency method 687 B. Appendix b: design flood by unit hydrograph method-field application 691 C. Appendix c: calculations for load distribution for concrete girders 702 D. Appendix d: illustration of a box girder design 730 E. Appendix e: miscellaneous data and tables for design 737 Index ER -