TY - GEN AU - Givoni, Baruch TI - Climate considerations in building and urban design SN - 9780471291773 U1 - 720.47 PY - 1998/// CY - New York PB - John Wiley & Sons N1 - Contents Preface ix PART I: BUILDING CLIMATOLOGY 1 CHAPTER 1: COMFORT ISSUES AND CLIMATE ANALYSIS FOR BUILDING DESIGN 3 Introduction 3 Human Responses to the Thermal Environment 5 Effects of the Climate and Other Factors on Heat Discomfort 14 Comfort Indices and Bio-Climatic Charts 22 The Building· Bio-Climatic Charts 36 References 46 CHAPTER 2: ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES AFFECTING THE INDOOR CLIMATE 49 Introduction 49 Impacts of Building's Layout on the Indoor Climate 50 Thermal Impacts of Windows' Orientation and Shading Conditions 53 Thermal Effect and Efficiency of Shading Devices 62 Thermal Effects of Walls' Orientation and Color 74 Natural Ventilation 87 Architectural Features Affecting Ventilation 92 Experimental Studies on Ventilation 96 References 105 CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS PROPERTIES AND THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS 107 Introduction 107 Heat Exchange Between the Building and Its Environment 108 Modes of Heat Transfer in Buildings 109 Thermal Properties of Materials and Building Elements 114 Standard Procedures of Building Heat Loss/Gain Calculation 127 Quantifying the Interactions Between Heat Capacity and Thermal Resistance 133 References 148 CHAPTER 4: PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING SYSTEMS 149 Introduction 149 Direct Gain 150 Collecting Storage (Trombe) Walls 159 Convective Loops: The Steve Baer System 167 The Barra System: Insulated, Glazed, Solar Wall, and Storage in Concrete Ceiling 169 Sun Spaces 171 Applicability of the Various Passive Solar Systems 179 References 182 CHAPTER 5: PASSIVE COOLING OF BUILDINGS 185 Introduction 185 Comfort (Daytime) Ventilation 186 Nocturnal Ventilative Cooling 189 Radiant Cooling 191 Evaporative Cooling Towers 196 Indirect Evaporative Cooling 200 The Earth as a Cooling Source 207 References 212 CHAPTER 6: CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSING TYPES 213 Introduction 213 Single-Family Detached Houses 214 Town Houses (Row Houses) 217 Multistoried Apartment Buildings 220 High-Rise Buildings 230 Climatic Characteristics of Internal Courtyards and. Attached Enclosed Open Spaces 232 PART II: URBAN CLIMATOLOGY 239 CHAPTER 7: GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE URBAN CLIMATE 241 Introduction 241 The Urban Temperature: The "Heat Island" Phenomenon 243 Overall Spatial Pattern of the Urban Heat Island 244 Heat Island Models 248 Impact of the Nocturnal Urban Heat Island Phenomenon on Human Comfort, Health, and Energy Use in Different Climates 254 The Urban Wind Field 256 Urban Radiation and Sunshine 266 References 273 CHAPTER 8: UR6AN DESIGN EFFECTS ON THE URBAN CLIMATE 275 Introduction 275 Location of a Town within a Region 276 Effect of Size of Cities on the Urban Heat Island 280 Climatic Effects of Density of the Built-Up Area 281 Climatic Impacts of Street Width and Orientation 286 Impact of Urban Density on Energy Demand and Potential for Solar Energy Utilization 291 Urban Density and the Urban Wind Field 293 Pedestrian Reactions to Excessively Windy Environments 295 Special Design Details of Buildings Affecting the Outdoor Conditions 298 References 301 CHAPTER 9: IMPACT OF GREEN AREAS ON SITE AND URBAN CLIMATES 303 Introduction 303 Functions and Impacts of Urban Green Areas 304 Effect of Plants on the Environmental Conditions 306 Climatic Impact of Plants Around Buildings 308 Experimental Studies on the Thermal Effect of Planted Areas 309 Climatic Effects of Public Urban Parks and Playgrounds 318 Impact of Green Spaces on Air Pollution 320 Planted Areas as Noise Controls 322 Social Functions of Urban Parks 324 References 327 PART Ill: BUILDING AND URBAN DESIGN GUIDELINES 331 CHAPTER 10: BUILDING AND URBAN DESIGN FOR HOT-DRY REGIONS 333 Introduction 333 Characteristics of Hot-Dry Regions 333 Comfort and Energy Conservation Issues in Hot-Dry Regions 337 Architectural Guidelines for Hot-Dry Regions 340 Building Materials in Desert Regions 358 Building Types Considerations in Hot-Dry Climates 363 Urban Design in Hot-Dry Regions 366 References 376 CHAPTER 11: BUILDING AND URBAN DESIGN FOR HOT-HUMID REGIONS 379 Introduction 379 Climatic Considerations of Hot-Humid Regions Relevant to Building and Urban Design 380 Architectural Guidelines for Hot-Humid Regions 382 Structural Design and Choice of Materials in Hot-Humid Regions 397 Climatic Characteristics of Different Building Types in Hot-Humid Regions 404 Urban Design Guidelines for Hot-Humid Regions 407 References 414 CHAPTER 12: BUILDING AND URBAN DESIGN IN COLD CLIMATES 417 Introduction 417 Building and Extended Site Design in Cold Climates 418 Urban Design in Cold Climates 422 References 429 CHAPTER 13: REGIONS WITH COLD WINTERS AND HOT-HUMID SUMMERS 431 Introduction 431 Climatic Characteristics and Thermal Comfort Requirements 432 Building Design Considerations 434 Urban Configuration for Regions with Hot-Humid Summers and Cold Winters 437 Index 443 ER -