TY  - BOOK
AU  - Chintawar, Aditya (PUT20014)  
AU  - Gopinath, Amegh (Guide)
AU  - Joshi, Hiren (Guide) 
AU  - Parashar, Laghu (Guide)  
AU  - Shivanand, Swamy (Guide) 
TI  - Comparative assessment of E-bus operations in Ahmedabad : a  case of Ahmedabad (Softcopy is also available)
U1  - P TH-2632 
PY  - 2022///
N1  - Contents
Undertaking	i
Certificate	iii
Acknowledgements	v
Abstract	vii
Table of contents	ix
List of figures	xiii
List of tables	xv
1	Introduction	1
1.1	Background	1
1.2	Problem Statement	2
1.3	Aim	3
1.4	Objective	3
1.5	Method for each Objective	3
1.6	Scope	4
1.7	Limitations	4
2	Literature Review	5
2.1	Type of Electric Buses	5
2.1.1	Hybrid Electric Buses	5
2.1.2	Fuel cell electric buses	6
2.1.3	Battery-Electric Buses	6
2.1.4	Plug-in Hybrid Electric Buses	6
2.2	Charging Strategies	6
2.2.1	Depot Charging	6
2.2.2	On-Route Charging	7
2.3	Charging Technologies	7
2.3.1	Conductive Charging	7
2.3.2	Inductive or Contactless Charging	8
2.4	Battery Technology	8
2.4.1	Ni-Based Aqueous Battery System	9
2.4.2	Lithium-Ion Batteries.	9
2.5	Battery Charging Technology	9
2.5.1	Plugin Slow Charging	9
2.5.2	Plugin Fast Charging	9
2.5.3	Opportunity charging	9
2.6	Global practises:	11
2.7	Factors affecting E-Bus Deployment	12
2.7.1	Technology	12
2.7.2	Battery	12
2.7.3	Charging Technology and Methods	12
2.7.4	Operations	13
2.7.5	Costs	14
2.8	Performance Evaluation Framework for Electric buses	14
2.8.1	Need for E-bus Performance Evaluation	15
2.8.2	Benefits of E-bus Performance Evaluation	15
2.8.3	Performance evaluation indicators	15
3	Deployment of E-Buses in Ahmedabad	19
3.1	Background	19
3.1.1	BRTS Network Characteristics	19
3.1.2	Depot Characteristics	20
3.1.3	Infrastructure Development	22
3.1.4	Route Selection	22
3.1.5	Route Characteristics	23
Comparative Assessment of E-bus Deployment in Ahmedabad
3.1.6	Bus Distribution on Routes	27
3.1.7	Scheduling of Buses	28
3.1.8	Bus Characteristics	30
3.2	Phase – I Deployment of E-Buses in Ahmedabad	31
3.2.1	Bus and Battery Characteristics	31
3.2.2	Charging Infrastructure	31
3.3	Phase – II Deployment of E-Buses in Ahmedabad	32
3.3.1	Bus and Battery Characteristics	32
4	Analysis of Ahmedabad BRTS	35
4.1	Key Performance Indicators	35
4.2	Energy Efficiency	36
4.2.1	Bus Type and Bus Specification	36
4.2.2	Battery Type	37
4.2.3	Battery Range and Capacity	38
4.2.4	Analysis of E-buses running on BRT Corridors in Ahmedabad 39 4.2.5	Battery Consumption	41
4.2.6	Comparison of Battery Consumption across Different Operators 45
4.2.7	Battery Efficiency	46
4.3	Operational Efficiency of E-Buses in Ahmedabad	56
4.3.1	Charging station	56
4.3.2	Compatibility Between Chargers	57
4.3.3	Charging Time	58
4.3.4	Workforce reqd. at charging station	58
4.3.5	Charging infrastructure	59
4.3.6	Infrastructure and land Requirements	59
4.3.7	Repair and Maintenance	60
4.3.8	Deployment on Routes	60
4.4	Analysis for AJL	63
4.4.1	Comparison of Operational Efficiency across operator	67
4.4.2	Opportunity charging	67
4.4.3	State of Charge (SoC) Levels	69
4.4.4	Shift wise State of Charge Variation	70
4.4.5	Comparison in Service Time v/s Steering Hours across Different Operator	76
4.4.6	Comparison between CNG, Diesel and Electric Bus Vehicle Utilization	77
4.4.7	Replacement Factor	77
4.4.8	Staff/Bus Ratio	79
4.5	Cost Efficiency	79
5	Conclusion	85
5.1	Limitations to the Study	87
5.2	Way Forward	87
References	90
Appendix 1: Data Collection List	94
Appendix 2: Anova Test Result	96
Appendix 3: Shift wise mileage comparison	98
Appendix 4: Cost Efficiency	99
Appendix 5: SoC Variation on a Trip basis with different operator	101

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