TY - GEN TI - Computer applications in hydraulic engineering : connecting theory to practice SN - 9781934493168 U1 - 620.00420285 PY - 2013/// CY - Pennsylvania PB - Bentley Institute Press KW - N1 - CONTENTS Contributing Authors xi Revision History xiii Contacting Bentley xv Foreword xvii CHAPTER 1 BASIC HYDRAULIC PRINCIPLES 1 1.1 General Flow Characteristics 1 System of Units 1 Flow Rate and Velocity 1 Area, Wetted Perimeter, and Hydraulic Radius 2 Flow Conveyance 3 Steady Flow 4 Uniform Flow 4 Laminar Flow, Turbulent Flow, and Reynolds Number 5 1.2 Energy 7 The Energy Principle 7 The Energy Equation 8 Hydraulic Grade 8 Energy Grade 9 Energy Losses and Gains 9 1.3 Friction Losses 10 Manning's Equation 11 Chezy's (Kutter's) Equation 11 Hazen-Williams Equation 12 Darcy-Weisbach (Colebrook-White) Equation 12 Typical Roughness Factors 13 1.4 Pressure Flow 14 1.5 Open-Channel Flow 16 Specific Energy and Critical Flow 16 1.6 Orifices and Weirs 19 Orifices 20 Weirs 22 1.7 Computer Applications 26 1.8 FlowMaster 27 1.9 Tutorial Example 28 Tutorial 1 - Open Channels 28 Tutorial 2- Pressure Pipes 30 1.10 Problems 34 CHAPTER 2 BASIC HYDROLOGY 39 2.1 Rainfall 39 Basic Rainfall Characteristics 39 Return Period and Frequency 39 Types of Rainfall Data 40 2.2 Rainfall Abstractions and Runoff Volume 49 Watershed Area 49 Rainfall Abstractions 50 Determining Runoff Volume 51 Horton Infiltration Equation 52 Runoff Coefficient 55 NRCS (SCS) Curve Number Method 57 2.3 Computing Peak Runoff Flow Rate 64 Time of Concentration 64 The Rational Method 69 NRCS (SCS) Peak Flow Estimation 73 2.4 Computing Hydrographs 79 Creating Runoff (Effective Rainfall) Hyetographs 80 Unit Hydrographs 83 Discrete Convolution 90 2.5 Problems 95 CHAPTER 3 INLETS, GRAVITY PIPING SYSTEMS, AND STORM SEWER DESIGN 97 3.1 Inlet Design Overview 97 3.2 Gutter Sections on Grade 98 3.3 Inlets on Grade 100 Grate Inlets on Grade 100 Curb Inlets on Grade 102 Combination Inlets on Grade 103 3.4 Inlets in Sag 104 3.5 Inlet Design Overview 107 Inlet and Gutter Problems Using FlowMaster 107 Inlet and Gutter Network Problems Using StormCAD 108 3.6 Gradually Varied Flow 108 Flow Classification 109 Energy Balance 112 3.7 Mixed Flow Profiles 113 Sealing Conditions 113 Rapidly Varied Flow 113 3.8 Storm Sewer Applications 114 Hydrology Model. 114 3.9 StormCAD 116 How Can You Use StormCAD? 116 Analysis and Design 117 Profiles 117 3.10 Tutorial Examples 117 Tutoriall-Design of a Network with Auto Design 117 3.11 Problems 128 CHAPTER 4 CULVERT HYDRAULICS 143 4.1 Culvert Systems 143 Culvert Hydraulics 144 4.2 Outlet Control Hydraulics 144 Friction Losses 146 Entrance Minor Loss 146 Exit Minor Loss 148 Gradually Varied Flow Analysis 148 4.3 Inlet Control Hydraulics 148 Unsubmerged Flow 150 Submerged Flow 150 4.4 CulvertMaster 153 How Can You Use CulvertMaster? 153 4.5 Tutorial Example 154 4.6 Problems 157 CHAPTER 5 DETENTION POND DESIGN 161 5.1 Overview of Stormwater Detention 161 5.2 Basic Design Considerations 162 Pre-Development versus Post-Development Criteria and Recurrence Frequency 162 Types and Configurations of Stormwater Detention Facilities 163 5.3 Detention Pond Modeling Concepts 164 5.4 Components of Detention Facilities 166 Dam Embankments 166 Freeboard 166 Pond Bottoms and Side Slopes 167 Outlet Structures 167 Overflow Spillways 168 5.5 Routing Data: Storage and Hydraulic Relationships 168 Stage versus Storage Volume 168 Stage versus Discharge 173 Composite Stage versus Discharge Relationships 177 5.6 Storage Indication Method 181 5.7 Stormwater Detention Analysis Procedure 185 5.8 PondPack 191 What Is PondPack? 191 How Can You Use PondPack for Windows? 191 5.9 Tutorial Example 192 Tutoriai2-Design a Detention Pond for a Small Development 198 5.10 Problems 211 CHAPTER 6 PRESSURE PIPING SYSTEMS AND 6.1 WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS 215 Pressure Systems 215 Water Demands 215 6.2 Energy Losses 219 Friction Losses 219 Minor Losses 219 6.3 Energy Gains-Pumps 222 Variable-Speed Pumps 222 Constant Horsepower Pumps 223 6.4 Control Valves 224 Check Valves (CVs) 224 Flow Control Valves (FCVs) 225 Pressure Reducing Valves (PRVs) 225 Pressure Sustaining Valves (PSVs) 225 Pressure Breaker Valves (PBVs) 225 Throttle Control Valves (TCVs) 225 6.5 Pipe Networks 225 Conservation of Mass-Flows and Demands 226 Conservation of Energy 227 6.6 Network Analysis 227 Steady-State Network Hydraulics 227 Extended- Period Simulation 228 6.7 Water Quality Analysis 228 Age 228 Trace 229 Constituents 229 Initial Conditions 230 Numerical Methods 231 Discrete Volume Method 231 Time-Driven Method 232 6.8 Automated Optimization 232 Model Calibration 233 System Design 234 6.9 WaterGEMS 234 What Does WaterGEMS Do? 234 How Can You Use WaterGEMS? 235 6.9 Tutorial Example 236 Tutorial 1 -Three Pumps in Parallel. 236 Tutorial 2- Water Quality 243 Tutorial 3- Pumping Costs 253 Tutorial 4- Pipe Sizing using Darwin Designer 254 Tutorial 5 -Model Calibration using Darwin Calibrator 259 6.10 Problems 262 CHAPTER 7 HYDRAULIC TRANSIENTS IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 279 7.1 Hydraulic Transients 279 Transient Flow 280 Common Causes 282 7.2 Hydraulic Transient Theory 282 General Modeling Equations 283 Speed and Pressure of Transients 284 7.3 Minimizing Transients in Systems 288 Design Strategies 288 Protection Devices 289 7.4 Modeling Hydraulic Transients 291 7.5 Hammer 293 What Does HAMMER Do? 293 7.6 Tutorial Example 293 7.7 Problems 302 CHAPTER 8 SANITARY SEWER DESIGN 305 8.1 Sanitary Sewer Systems 305 Common Sanitary Sewer Elements 306 8.2 Loading 307 Common Load Types 307 Sanitary Unit Loading 309 Extreme Flow Factors 311 Common Variable Peaking Factors (PF) 311 Wet-Weather Loading 313 8.3 Extended-Period Simulations 314 Overview 314 Routing Overview 315 Hydrologic and Hydraulic Time Steps 317 8.4 SewerCAD 317 What Does SewerCAD Do? 317 How Can You Use SewerCAD? 318 8.5 Tutorial Examples 319 Tutorial!- Pump Size for Peak Flows 319 Tutorial2- 24-Hour Simulation of Dry Weather Flow 329 Tutorial 3 - Constructing a Profile 336 8.6 Problems 338 CHAPTER 9 DYNAMIC MODELING 349 9.1 Introduction 349 9.2 Dynamic Modeling 350 St Venant Equations 350 Numerical Solution 352 Initial and Boundary Conditions 353 9.3 Hydrograph Routing Effects 354 9.4 Simplified Routing Models 355 Diffusion Wave 356 Kinematic Wave 357 Muskingum Routing 357 Muskingum-Cunge Method 358 9.5 Why Use an Unsteady Flow Model? 359 9.6 SewerGEMS 360 What Does SewerGEMS Do? 360 How Can You Use SewerGEMS? 361 9.7 Tutorial Examples 362 Tutorial 1 - Stormwater Conveyance System Performance 362 Tutorial 2 - Pump Stations and Force Mains in a Sanitary Sewer System 371 9.8 Problems 378 APPENDIX A BENTLEY SYSTEMS SOFTWARE 393 A .l Software Packages 393 A.2Software Installation and Licensing 394 Installing and Activating the Software 395 Checking Out Licenses for Disconnected Use 395 Installation for the MicroStation, AutoCAD, or ArcGIS Platform 396 Troubleshooting 396 Technical Support 397 A.3 General Tips and Common Tools 397 Online Help 397 Graphical Editor 398 Table Manager and Table Customization 399 FlexUnits 401 APPENDIX B SCENARIO MANAGEMENT 405 B.1 Overview 405 B.2 About This Appendix 406 B.3 Before Haestad Methods: Distributed Scenarios 406 B.4 With Haestad Methods: Self-Contained Scenarios 407 B.5 The Scenario Cycle 407 Scenario Anatomy: Attributes and Alternatives 407 A Familiar Parallel 408 B.6 Scenario Behavior: Inheritance 409 Overriding Inheritance 410 Dynamic Inheritance 410 When Are Values Local, and When Are They Inherited? 411 Minimizing Effort through Attribute Inheritance 411 Minimizing Effort through Scenario Inheritance 412 B.7 A Water Distribution Example 413 Building the Model (Average Day Conditions) 414 Analyzing Different Demands (Maximum Day Conditions) 414 Another Set of Demands (Peak Hour Conditions) 415 Correcting an Error 415 Analyzing Improvement Suggestions 416 Finalizing the Project 417 INDEX 419 ER -