TY - GEN AU - Thoresen, Carl A. TI - Port designer's handbook SN - 9780727763075 U1 - 627.3 PY - 2018/// CY - London PB - ICE Publishing KW - N1 - Contents Foreword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv About the author xvii 01 Port planning 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Planning procedures 1 1.3. Subsurface investigations 14 1.4. Hydraulic laboratory studies 23 1.5. Life-cycle management 27 1.6. Safety management and risk assessment 28 1.7. The International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code and the Container Security Initiative (CSI) 31 References and further reading 36 02 Environmental forces 39 2.1 . General 39 2.2. Wind 39 2.3. Waves 52 2.4. Floating wave breakwater 68 2 .5. Current 71 2.6. Ice forces 79 References and further reading 83 03 Channels and harbour basins 85 3.1 . Channels and waterways 85 3 .2. Harbour basin 90 3 .3 . Anchorage areas 99 3.4. Area of refuge 102 3.5. Grounding areas 103 References and further reading 104 04 Berthing requirements 105 4.1. Operational conditions 105 4.2 . Navigation 109 4.3. Tugboat assistance 117 4.4. Wind and wave restrictions 126 4.5. Ship movements 137 4.6. Passing ships 145 4.7. Visibility 146 4.8. Port regulations 146 4.9. Availability of a berth References and further reading 147 05 Impact from ships 149 5.1. General 149 5.2. The theoretical or kinetic method 149 5.3. The empirical method 157 5.4. The statistical method 157 5.5. Abnormal impacts 158 5.6. Absorption of fender forces 159 5.7. Ship 'hanging' on the fenders 161 References and further reading 162 06 Design considerations 163 6.1. General 163 6.2. Design life 163 6.3. Standards, guidelines and design codes 166 6.4. Load combinations and limit states 168 6.5. . Load and concurrency factors 169 6.6. Material factors and material strength 171 6.7. Characteristic loads from the sea side 171 6.8. Vertical loads on berth structures 171 6.9. Horizontal loads on the berth 173 6.10. Characteristic loads from the land side 178 6.11. Summary of loads acting from the sea side 179 References and further reading 179 07 Safety considerations 181 7 . 1. General 181 7.2 Specification safety 181 7.3. Design safety 181 7.4. Construction safety 185 7.5. Personnel safety 185 7.6. Operational safety 185 7.7. Total safety 186 References and further reading 186 08 Types of berth structures 189 8. 1. General 189 8.2. Vertical loads 191 8.3. Horizontal loads 193 8.4. Factors affecting the choice of structures 199 8.5. Norwegian and international berth construction 203 References and further reading 203 09 Gravity wall structures 205 9.1.General 205 9.2. Block wall berths 205 9.3. Caisson berths 209 9.4. Cell berths 211 References and further reading 222 10 Sheet pile wall structures 223 10.1.General 223 10.2. Driving of steel sheet piles 224 10.3. . Simple anchored sheet pile wall berths 230 10.4. Solid platform berths 234 10.5. Semi-solid platform berth 239 10.6. .Drainage of steel sheet piles 240 10.7. Berth structures in artie conditions 240 References and further reading 240 11 Open berth structures 243 11 .1 . General 243 11.2. Column berths 249 11.3. Pile berths 256 11 .4. Lamella berths 271 11.5. Open berth slabs 272 References and further reading 301 12 Floating berth structures 303 12.1. General 303 12.2. Mooring systems 311 12.3. Floating quays and load levels 321 References and further readi ng 324 13 Berth details 325 13.1. General 325 13.2. Traditional mooring system 325 13.3. Automat ic mooring system 337 13.4. Lighting 340 13.5. Electric power supply 340 13.6. Potable and raw water supply 342 13.7. Water drainage system 342 13.8. Sewage disposal 343 13.9. Oil and fuel interceptors 343 13.10 Access ladders 344 13.11. Handrails and guardrails 344 13.12. Kerbs 345 13.13. Lifesaving equipment 346 13.14. Pavements 346 13.15. Crane rails 354 References and further reading 357 14 Container terminals 359 14.1 . Site location 359 14.2. Existing areas 360 14.3. Container ships 362 14.4. Container terminal areas 365 14.5. Container handling equipment 370 14.6. Container handling systems in the container stacking area 377 14.7. Container berth and terminal area requiremer3ts and capacity 391 14.8. Hinterland 396 14.9. The world's largest container ports 398 References and further reading 398 15 Fenders 399 15.1. G.eneral 399 15.2. Fender requirements 400 15.3. Surface-protecting and energy-absorbing fenders 401 15.4. Different types of fender 406 15.5. Installation 407 15.6 Effects of fender compression 409 15.7. Properties of a fender 412 15.8. Single- and double-fender systems 419 15.9. Fender wall 421 15.10. Hull pressure 424 15.11. Spacing of fenders 425 15.12. Cost of fenders 426 15.13 Damage to fender structures 427 15.14. Calculation examples 429 15.15. Information from fender manufacturers 433 References and further reading 445 16 Erosion protection 447 16.1 General 447 16.2. Erosion due to wave action 451 16.3. Erosion due to the main propeller action 452 16.4. Erosion due to thrusters 455 16.5. The required stone protection layer 458 16.6. Erosion protection systems 459 16.7. Operational guidelines 468 References and further reading 469 11 Steel corrosion 471 17.1. General 471 17.2. Corrosion rate 471 17.3. Astronomical low water corrosion 473 17.4. Corrosion protection systems 473 17.5. Stray current corrosion 479 References and further reading 479 18 Underwater concreting 481 18.1. General 481 18.2. Different methods of underwater concreting 481 18.3. The tremie pipe method 483 18.4. The production of concrete for use in tremie pipes 495 18.5. Anti-washout (AWO) concrete 497 18.6. Damage during construction of new structures 501 18.7. Repairs of new concrete 504 18.8. Concrete plant and supervision References and further reading 508 19 Concrete deterioration 509 19.1. General 509 19.2. Durability of concrete berth structures 510 19.3. Freezing and thawing 511 19.4. Erosion 512 19.5. Chemical deterioration 512 19.6. Corrosion of reinforcement 514 19.7. Resistivity 519 19.8. Condition survey 519 19.9. Concrete cover 521 19.10. Surface treatments 522 19.11. Condition survey 522 19.12. Overloading of the berth structure 523 19.13. In situ quality control 524 References and further reading 524 Concrete maintenance and repair 525 20.1. General 525 20.2. Assessment 526 20.3. Maintenance manual and service inspection 526 20.4. Condition of a structure 527 20.5. Repairs of concrete 528 20.6. Repairs in zone 1 (permanently submerged) 531 20.7. Repairs in zone 2 (tidal zone) 535 20.8 Repairs in zone 3 (the splash zone or the area above highest astronomical tide (HAT)) 537 20.9 Cathodic protection 542 20.10. Chloride extraction 547 20.11. Cost of repairs 547 References and further reading 548 21 Port maintenance 549 21.1 Responsibility for maintenance 549 21.2. Spares 549 21.3. Management information 549 21.4. Maintenance personnel 550 21.5. Plant and equipment 550 21.6. Infrastructure 551 21.7. Optimisation of design to reduce future maintenance costs 553 21.8. Maintenance management 556 21.9. Maintenance strategy 556 21.10. Inspections 557 21.11. Rating and prioritisation 559 21.12. Condition assessment ratings 559 21.13. Post-event condition ratings 560 21.14. Recommendations and follow-up actions 561 21.15. Repair prioritisation 562 20.16. Maintenance data management 562 References and further reading 563 Ship dimensions 565 22.1. General 565 22.2 . Ship dimensions 565 22.3. Recommended design dimensions 579 22.4. Recommendations 579 References and further reading 565 23 Definitions 597 References and further reading 606 24 Conversion factors 607 24.1 .Length 607 24.2.Speed 607 24.3. Area 607 24.4. Volume 608 24.5. Weight 608 24.6. Force 608 24.7. Force per unit length 608 24.8. Force per unit area 608 24.9. Moment 609 24.10. Temperatures 609 24.11. Useful data 609 Index 611 ER -