TY  - GEN
AU  - Gutterer, Bernd & Others
TI  - Decentralised Wastewater Treatment System (DEWATS) ans sanitation in developing countries
SN  - 9781843801283
U1  - 628.16 
PY  - 2009///
CY  - Leicestershire
PB  - Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC)
KW  -  
N1  - CONTENTS
1.Introduction	12
2.Towards comprehensive wastewater
and sanitation strategies	14
2.1	World water resources under threat	14
2.2	The protection of water resources- achievements and challenges	17
2.3	A short assessment  of the sanitation and wastewater  sectors
in developing countries	20
2.4	Signs of change- elements of efficient and sustainable
sanitation programmes	27
2.5	Towards service orientation- the conceptual framework
of basic needs sanitation programmes	29
2.6 The increasing demand for efficient and reliable decentralised wastewater-treatment  solutions 31
3	DEWATS- Sustainable treatment of waste water
at the local level	32
3.1	DEWATS - a modular system approach to ensure efficient
wastewater treatment performance	33
3.2	DEWATS- a brief insight into technical configuration	35
3.3	DEWATS- good practice examples/applications	37
3.31	DEWATS/CBS-  Community-Based  Sanitation  programme
in Alam Jaya, Tangerang, Java, Indonesia	37
3.3.2	DEWATS/CBS- Community-Based Sanitation programme
in Ullalu Upanagara, Bangalore, India	40
3.3.3	DEWATS at public  institutions- Sino-German  College of
Technology, Shanghai, China	43
3.3.4	DEWATS at public  institutions- Aravind  Eye Hospital
in Thavalakuppam, Pondicherry, India	46
3.3.5	DEWATS/SME-Ciuster  approach-  Kelempok  Mekarsari
Jaya small-scale industry cluster, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia	49
3.3.6	DEWATS/SME -Alternative  Food Process Private Ltd. Bangalore, Karnataka, India 	52
3.3.7	lnfrastructural development in rural China- Longtan Village,
Danleng County, Szechuan Province, China	54
3.3.8	DEWATS in integrated municipal planning- Wenzhou University,
Zheijang Province, China	56
4	Mainstreaming DEWATS - strategic planning and
implementation of sustainable infrastructure	58
4.1	Strategic planning of sanitation programmes	58
4.2	Legal framework and effic ient law enforcement	62
4.3	Target-oriented local and municipal planning	66
4.3.1	Features of urban infrastructu re development	66
4.3	Sanitat ion mapping as a tool for eff icient urban-infrastructure
deve lopment	68
4.4	Financ ial ana lysis	74
4.4.1	Comparative cost analys is for infrastructure development	74
4.4.2	Economic ana lysis in times of global warm ing and energy scarcity	77
4.4.3	Econom ic cons iderat ions for point-source polluters	80
4.4.4	Parameters f or economic calculation	82
4.4.5	Susta inable f inancing  schemes  for  sanitat ion  programmes-
multi-source f inancing and w illingness to pay	88
5	CBS programme planning and implementation	92
5.1	Stakeho lders in CBS programmes	92
5.2	Responding to basic needs- active involvement of beneficiaries
and residents	96
5.3	Local government and municipality bodies	97
5.4	Non-governmental organisations	99
5.5	Private sector	99
6	CBS Programme - detailed procedure for implementation	100
6.1	First planning activities	100
6.2	The pilot project	103
6.3	Preparation phase	105
6.3.1	Krck-off wo rkshop	,.	105
6.3.2	Planning workshop	106
6.3.3	Community pre-selection and community assessment	108
6.4	Planning phase	110
6.4.1	Site assessment	110
6.4.2	Informed techno logy choice	112
6.4.3	Detailed engineering design	114
6.4.4	Economic planning	116
6.4.5	Agreement on implementation and landholding	117
6.5	Implementation phase	118
6.5.1	Task planning	118
6.5.2	Quality  management	120
6.5.3	Construction	121
6.5.4	Pre-commissioning test	123
6.5.5	Parallel training measures	123
6.6	Operation phase	124
6.6.1	Start operation	124
6.6.2	Operation & maintenance	126
6.6.3	Use of biogas	129
6.6.4	Monitoring and evaluation	131
7	DEWATS components & design principles	132
7.1	Basics of wastewater treatment	132
7.1.1	Definitions : pollution & treatment	132
7.1.2	Biological treatment	133
7.1.3	Aerobic - anaerobic	135
7.1.4	Physical treatment processes	136
7.1.5	Elimination of pollutants	141
7.1.6	Ecology and self-purification in nature	145
8	Treat ment in DEWATS	150
8.1	Parameters for wastewater-treatment  design	152
8.1.1	Control  parameters	153
8.1.2	Dimensioning parameters	163
9	Technical component s 	168
9.1	Overview  of   DEWATS  components	168
9.2	DEWATS modules	176
9.2.1	Grease trap and grit chamber 176
9.2.2	Septic tank 	177
9.2.3	Fully mixed digester 	182
9.2.4	Imhoff tank 	184
9.2.5	Anaerobic  baffled reactor 	187
9.2.6	Anaerobic  filter 	191
9.2.7	Planted soil filters 195
9.2 7 1   Horizontal gravel filter 197
9.2 7 2   Vertical sand filter  207
9.2 8	Ponds  211
9.2.8 1   Anaerobic ponds   212
9.2.82   Aerobic ponds        216
9.2	Hybrid and combined systems    221
9.3	Non-DEWATS technolog ies    223
9.31	UASB    223
9.3 2	Trickling filter     225
9.3.3	Aquatic-plant  systems 228
10	Designing  DEWATS      230 
10.1	Technical spreadsheets- background 230
10.1.1	Usefulness of computer calculation      230
10.1.2	Risks of using simplified formulas     231
10.1.3	About the spreadsheets 233
10.2	Technical spreadsheets- application 236
10.21   Assumed COD/BOD ratio     236
10.2.2	Domestic wastewater quantity and quality        237
10.2.3	Septic tank   238
10.2.4	Fully mixed digester        241
10.2.5	Imhoff tank    247
10.2.6	Anaerobic baffled reactor     250
10.2.7	Anaerobic filter      255
10.2.8	Horizontal gravel filter    261
10.2.9	Aerobic  pond    264
10.2.10	Aerobic pond     270
10.3	Spreadsheets for castings    274
10.4	Using spreadsheets without a computer   278

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