TY  - GEN
AU  - Steadman, Philip
TI  - Evolution of designs : biological analogy in architecture and the applied arts
SN  - 9780415447539
U1  - 745.409 
PY  - 2008///
CY  - London
PB  - Routledge
KW  -  
N1  - CONTENTS
List of IIllustrations      ix
Acknowledgements     xiii
Preface to the revised edition    xv
1Introduction       1
2. The Organic Analogy      8
3. The Classificatory Analogy: Building Types and Natural Species             21
4. The Anatomical Analogy: Engineering Structure and the Animal Skeleton  31
5. The Ecological analogy : Trial and error in the evolution of artefacts and Organism    54
6. The Darwinian Analogy: Trial and Error in the Evolution of Organisms and Artefacts 71
7. The Evolution of Decoration          99
8. Tools as Organs or as Extensions of the Physical Body      119
9. How to Speed up Craft Evolution        131
10. Design as Process of Growth             145
11.Biotechnics: Plants and Animals as Inventors     153
12. Hierarchical Strcuture and the Adaptive Process : Biological analogy in Alexander’s Notes on the Synthesis of Form      163
13. The Consequences of the Biological Fallacy: Functional Determinism        179
14.  The Consequences of the Biological Fallacy: Historical determinism and the deniel of Tradition      201
15. What Remains of the Analogy? The History and Science of the artificial    217
Afterword : Developments since 1980       237
Notes  274
Index 295 


ER  -