TY - BOOK AU - Kaur, Ritu Raj AU - Bandyopadhyay, Saswat (Guide) TI - Strategies for strengthening environmental governance in urban local bodies, case of Ludhiana city (Also available on CD) U1 - P TH-1017 PY - 2008/// N1 - CONTENTS Certificate Undertaking Acknowledgement - i List of Tables ..- .. iv List of Maps ..- . v List of figures ..- .. vi Acronyms ..- . viii Executive Summary ..- ix 1 INTRODUCTION- 1 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY ..- . 1 1.2 NEED OF STUDY ..- .. 2 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ..- 2 1.4 AIM & OBJECTIVES ..- .. 3 1.5 SCOPE ..- . 3 1.6 LIMITATIONS- 3 1.7 METHODOLOGY ..- .. 3 1.8 REPORT STRUCTURE: ..- .. 5 2 REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK 6 2.1 DEFINITIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE .. 6 2.2 ELEMENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE ..- .. 7 2.3 PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE ..- 8 2.4 STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION ..- 9 2.5 DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND CHANGING TRENDS: INITIATIVES TAKEN AT VARIOUS LEVELS. 10 2.5.1 Global Initiatives ..- . 10 2.5.2 Regional Initiatives: East Asian experience in Environmental Governance .. 11 2.5.3 National Initiatives ..- .. 13 2.5.4 Local Level Initiatives ..- 15 2.6 CONCLUSIONS ..- .. 20 3 BASELINE PROFILE OF LUDHIANA CITY .. 21 3.1 LOCATION AND CITY GLIMPSE ..- 21 3.2 CITY IN REGIONAL CONTEXT ..- 22 3.3 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ..- .. 23 3.4 HISTORICAL EVOLUTION ..- 23 3.4.1 Glimpses of history over time (Sketching past and present) . 24 3.4.2 Extension of Municipal Limits ..- 25 3.5 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE ..- 25 3.6 ECONOMIC PROFILE ..- . 28 3.7 LANDUSE PATTERN (EXISTING & PROPOSED) ..- .. 30 3.7.1 Existing Landuse ..- . 31 3.7.2 Proposed Landuse (2003-2021) ..- .. 33 3.8 URBAN LOCAL BODIES IN THE CITY ..- 33 3.8.1 Municipal Corporation Ludhiana ..- 33 3.8.2 Improvement Trust Ludhiana- 34 3.8.3 Punjab Water Supply Sewerage Board ..- . 35 3.8.4 Punjab Urban Development Authority (PUDA) .. 36 3.8.5 Punjab Pollution Control Board Ludhiana (PPCB) 36 3.8.6 Town Planning Department ..- .. 37 3.8.7 Public Works Department / Building and Roads 37 4 SITUATION ANALYSIS (ISSUE IDENTIFICATION & IMPACT ANALYSIS) ..- .. 38 4.1 URBAN GROWTH ..- .. 39 4.1.1 Population Density ..- .. 39 4.1.2 Slums: Pockets of Poverty ..- . 43 4.1.3 Traffic and Transportation ..- 44 4.1.4 Industrial Development ..- 56 4.1.5 Scoring based on ranking for Urban Growth parameters 59 4.1.6 People Perception ..- 63 4.1.7 Governance scenario for Urban Growth ..- 65 4.2 URBAN SERVICES- .. 66 4.2.1 Water Supply ..- . 66 4.2.2 Sewerage ..- .. 71 4.2.3 Strom Water Drainage ..- 76 4.2.4 Solid Waste Management ..- 77 4.2.5 People Perception (Urban Services) ..- . 82 4.2.6 Governance scenario for Urban Services ..- .. 84 4.3 ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE ..- .. 84 4.3.1 Ambient Air Quality ..- . 85 4.3.2 Water Quality (Ground Water & Surface Water) 90 4.3.3 Ground Water Quality: ..- 93 4.3.4 Governance scenario for Environmental profile 96 4.4 HOTSPOT (CRITICAL) AREAS IN THE CITY ..- .. 96 4.4.1 Prioritizing Key Action Areas- Sector Specific 98 4.5 CONCLUSION ..- .. 101 5 CURRENT SCENARIO OF GOVERNANCE .. 102 5.1 DUTIES & FUNCTIONS PERFORMED ..- .. 102 5.2 INITIATIVES BY LMC ..- 103 5.2.1 Muhalla Sudhar Committee..- . 103 5.2.2 TP Schemes by Various Organizations ..- 103 5.3 EXISTING GOVERNANCE ISSUES ..- 104 5.3.1 Overlapping roles and responsibilities ..- 104 5.3.2 Quality of Services ..- . 108 5.3.3 Complex laws and procedures ..- .. 109 5.3.4 Financial Constraints ..- 114 5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE AT URBAN LOCAL LEVEL .. 117 5.4.1 Initiatives in India..- .. 118 6 STRATEGIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE .. 121 6.1 CITY LEVEL STRUCTURE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE 122 6.1.1 Proposed LMC institutional Structure ..- . 124 6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE UNIT AT CITY LEVEL ..- 125 6.2.1 Environmental Status Report ..- 126 6.2.2 Green Budget ..- 129 6.2.3 Community Involvement ..- . 132 6.2.4 Public Private Partnership ..- 137 6.3 CONCLUSION ..- .. 140 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..- 141 APPENDIX I ..- 144 APPENDIX II ..- .. 145 APPENDIX III ..- . 146 ER -