TY - GEN AU - West, Geoffrey TI - Scale : the universal laws of life and death in organisms, cities and companies SN - 9780297609476 U1 - 307.76 PY - 2017/// CY - London PB - Weidenfeld & Nicolson KW - N1 - Contents 1. The big picture 1 Introduction, Overview and Summary We Live in an Exponentially Expanding Socioeconomic Urbanized World A Matter of Life and Death Energy, Metabolism, and Entropy Size Really Matters : Scaling and Nonlinear Behavior Scaling and Complexity: Emergence, Self-Organization, and Resilience You Are Your Networks : Growth from Cells to Whales Cities and Global Sustainability: Innovation and Cycles of Singularities Companies and Businesses 2. The measure of all things: An Introduction to Scaling 35 From Godzilla to Galileo Misleading Conclusions and Misconceptions of Scale: Superman Orders of Magnitude, Logarithms, Earthquakes, and the Richter Scale Pumping Iron and Testing Galileo Individual Performance and Deviations from Scaling: The Strongest Man in the World More Misleading Conclusions and Misconceptions of Scale: Drug Dosages from LSD and Elephants to Tylenol and Babies. BMI, -Quetelet, the Average Man, and Social Physics Innovation and Limits to Growth The Great Eastern, Wide­ Gauge Railways, and the Remarkable Isambard Kingdom Brunel William Froude and the Origins of Modeling Theory Similarity and Similitude: Dimensionless and Scale-Invariant Numbers 3. The simplicity, unity and complexity of life 79 From Quarks and Strings to Cells and Whales Metabolic Rate and Natural Selection Simplicity Underlying Complexity: Kleiber's Law, Self-Similarity, and Economies of Scale Universality and the Magic Number Four That Controls Life Energy, Emergent Laws, and the Hierarchy of Life Networks and the Origins of Quarter-Power Allometric Scaling Physics Meets Biology : On the Nature of Theories, Models, and Explanations Network Principles and the Origins of Allometric Scaling Metabolic Rate and Circulatory Systems in Mammals, Plants, and Trees Digression on Nikola Tesla, Impedance Matching, and AC/DC Back to Metabolic Rate,Beating Hearts and Circulatory Systems Self-Similarity and the Origin of the Magic Number Four Fractals : The Mysterious Case of the Lengthening Borders 4. The fourth dimension of life: Growth, Aging and Death 147 The Fourth Dimension of Life Why Aren't There Mammals the Size of Tiny Ants? And Why Aren't There Enormous Mammals the Size of Godzilla? Growth Global Warming, the Exponential Scaling of Temperature, and the Metabolic Theory of Ecology Aging and Mortality 5. From the anthropocene to the urbanocene: A Planet Dominated by Cities 209 Living in Exponentially Expanding Universes Cities, Urbanization, and Global Sustainability Digression: What Exactly Is an Exponential Anyway? Some Cautionary Fables The Rise of the Industrial City and Its Discontents Malthus, Neo-Malthusians, and the Great Innovation Optimists It's All Energy, Stupid 6. Prelude to a science of cities 247 Are Cities and Companies Just Very Large Organisms? St. Jane and the Dragons An Aside : A Personal Experience of Garden Cities and New Town Intermediate Summary and Conclusion 7. Toward a science of cities 269 The Scaling of Cities Cities and Social Networks What Are These Networks? Cities: Christa lis or Fractals? Cities as the Great Social Incubator How Many Close Friends Do You Really Have? Dunbar and His Numbers Words and Cities The Fractal City: Integrating the Social with the Physical 8. Consequences and predictions: From Mobility and the Pace of Life to Social Connectivity, Diversity, Metabolism, and Growth 325 The Increasing Pace of Life Life on an Accelerating Treadmill: The City as the Incredible Shrinking Time Machine Commuting Time and the Size of Cities The Increasing Pace of Walking You Are Not Alone: Mobile Telephones as Detectors of Human Behavior Testing and Verifying the Theory: Social Connectivity in Cities The Remarkably Regular Structure of Movement in Cities Over performers and Underperformers The Structure of Wealth, Innovation, Crime, and Resilience : The Individuality and Ranking of Cities Prelude to Sustainability : A Short Digression on Water The Socioeconomic Diversity of Business Activity in Cities Growth and the Metabolism of Cities 9. Toward a science of companies 379 Is Walmart a Scaled-Up Big Joe's Lumber and Google a Great Big Bear? The Myth of Open-Ended Growth The Surprising Simplicity of Company Mortality Requiescant in Pace Why Companies Die, but Cities Don't 10. The vision of a grand theory of sustainability 411 Accelerating Treadmills, Cycles of Innovation, and Finite Afterword 427 Science for the Twenty-first Century Transdisciplin arity, and the Santa Fe Institute Big Data: Paradigm 4.0 or Just 3.1? Postscript and Acknowledgments 449 Notes 457 Index 465 List of Illustrations 481 ER -