TY  - BOOK
AU  - Cheng, Min Ming
AU  - Dave, Bharat (Guide)
TI  - Towards an integrative paradigm of digitally procured architecture a case study of Singapore's construction 21 initiative and its effects on architecture practices 
U1  - 721 
PY  - 2004///
CY  - Australia 
PB  - University Melbourne
KW  -  
N1  - CONTENTS
Preface  iv
Acknowledgements    v
Abbreviations   vi
List of Figures   vii
List of Tables   vii
Chapter 1      Introduction 'A World Class Builder in the Knowledge Age'
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Research questions and aims 4
1.3 Approach and methodology 5
Chapter 2     Architectural Knowledge and the Evolution of the Profession
2.1 Introduction    7
2.2 Brief survey of historical developments   7
2.2.1 Tracing the history of the 'Architect'   7
2.2.2 Changing scope of the role of 'Architect'   11 
2.3 The place of architects in today's construction industry   15
2.3.1 The fragmented industry  15
2.3.2 Myopic specialization' or 'flexible specialization'?    17
2.3 Summary   20
Chapter 3      Information Technology use in Architecture and Building
3.1 Introduction  21
3.2 Background   22
3.2.1 History of computer use in architecture   22
3.2.2 Historical context of interactive graphics and Computer Aided Design (CAD)  25
3.3 CAD software usage patterns	27
3.4 Architectural practice and CAD technology:	30
Significant issues
3.4.1 Gulf between desires and reality	30
3.4.2 The difficulty of representation	32
3.4.3 The need for a more critical look into IT	33
use in building design firms
3.4.4 The effect that digital tools have on design thinking	34
3.4.5 Standardization and interchangeable formats	36
3.4.6 Knowledge and IT in the AEC industry	37
3.5 Firm types and CAD technology	38
3.6 Summary	40
Chapter 4     Case study of Singapore's Construction 21 Initiative and its Effects
4.1 Introduction	41
4.2 Brief history of architecture in Singapore	42
4.3 Singapore's economy	43
4.4 Information technology development in Singapore	46
4.5 Singapore's Architects	47
4.6 Background of the construction industry in Singapore	52
4.6.1 The makeup of the construction industry	52
4.6.2 The Housing Development Board and the
Construction Industry	53
4.6.3 Construction exports	57
4.6.4 Problems in the Singaporean construction industry	58
and its technological solution
4.7	Construction 21 (C21) and related issues affecting	59
the construction industry in Singapore
4.7.1 Computer use in the construction industry	64
- Survey by the BCA / Technowledge Asia in 2000
4.7.2 CORENET - Construction and Real Estate Network	72
4.7.3 Singapore national CAD standards CP83	77
4.7.4 SIACAD Pte. Ltd.	78
4.7.5 Government building projects	81
4.8 Case study one: Esplanade, Theatres by the Bay	81
4.9 Case study two: Three architectural practices	86
4.9.1 Firm A	86
4.9.2 Firm B	91
4.9.3 Firm C	95
4.9.4 Findings from the case studies of architectural practices 99
4.10	Summary	102
Chapter 5      Analysis and Conclusion	105
Bibliography	125
Appendix A   List of interview questions for architectural practices	133




ER  -