TY  - GEN
AU  - Bharucha, Erach
TI  - Textbook of environmental studies for undergraduate courses
SN  - 9788173718625
U1  - 333.7 
PY  - 2015///
CY  - Hyderabad
PB  - University Press (India) pvt. ltd.
KW  -  
N1  - CONTENTS
Foreword	
Preface to the Second Edition	iv
Preface to the First Edition	vi
Acknowledgements	vii
Vision	viii
Core Module Syllabus for Environmental Studies for Undergraduate Courses
of all Branches of Higher Education x
Unit 1: The Mult idisciplinary Nature of Environmental Studies 1
1.1 Definition, Scope and Importance   1
1.1.1 Definition 1
1.1.2 Scope 1
1.1.3Importance 4
1.2	Need for Public Awareness 7
1.2.1 Institutions in Environment	8
1.2.2 People in Environment	12
Unit 2: Natural Resources	15
2.1 Introduction	15
2.2 Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources	20
2.2.1 Natural Resources and Associated Problems	21
2.2.2 Renewable Resources	23
2.3 Role of an Individual in the Conservation of Natural Resources	51
2.4 Equitable Use of Resources for Sustainable Lifestyles	52
Unit 3: Ecosystems	54
3.1Concept of an Ecosystem	54
3.1.1Understanding Ecosystems	55
3.1.2Resource Utilisation	56
3.2 Structure and Functions of an Ecosystem	56
3.3 Producers, Consumers and Decomposers	57
3.4	Energy Flow in the Ecosystem 58
3.4.1 The Water Cycle	58
3.4.2 The Carbon Cycle	59
3.4.3 The Oxygen Cycle	60
3.4.4 The Nitrogen Cycle	61
3.4.5 The Phosphorus Cycle 62
3.4.6 The Sulphur Cycle	62
3.4.7 The Energy Flow	63
3.4.8 Integration of Cycles in Nature 64
3.5 Ecological Succession 65
3.6Food Chains, Food Webs and Ecological Pyramids 65
3.6.1 The Food Chains	65
3.6.2 The Food Webs	66
3.6.3 The Ecological Pyramids	66
3.7	Introduction, Types, Characteristic Features, Structure and
Functions	68
3.7.1 Forest Ecosystems	69
3.7.2 Grassland Ecosystems	74
3.7.3 Desert Ecosystems	77
3.7.4 Aquatic Ecosystems	79
3.8	Degradation of Ecosystems	83
Unit 4: Biodiversity	85
4.1 Introduction	85
4.1.1 Genetic Diversity	86
4.2.2 Species Diversity	86
4.3.3 Ecosystem Diversity	87
4.2Biogeographic Classification of India	87
4.3Value of Biodiversity	89
4.3.1 Consumptive Use Value	89
4.3.2 Productive Use Value	90
4.3.3 Social Values	91
4.3.4 Ethical and Moral Values	92
4.3.5 Aesthetic Value	92
4.3.6 Option Value	92
4.4 Biodiversity at Global, National and Local Levels	92
4.5 India as a Mega-Diversity Nation	93
4.6 Hotspots of Biodiversity	94
4.7 Threats to Biodiversity: Habitat Loss, Poaching of Wildlife,
Human-Wildlife Conflicts	96
4.8 Endangered and Endemic Species of India	99
4.8.1 Common Plant Species	100
4.8.2 Common Animal Species	104
4.9   Conservation of Biodiversity: In Situ and Ex Situ	109
4.9.1 In situ Conservation	109
4.9.2 Ex situ Conservation	113
Unit 5: Pollution	118
5.1 Definition    ,	118
5.2 Air Pollution	119
5.2.1 The History of Air Pollution	119
5.2.2 Structure of the Atmosphere	120
5.2.3 Types and Sources of Air pollution	121
5.2.4 Control Measures for Air Pollution	128
5.3 Water Pollution	130
5.3.1 Causes of Water Pollution	131
5.3.2 The State of India's Rivers	135
5.3.3 Control Measures for Water Pollution	136
5.4 Soil Pollution	136
5.4.1   Causes of Soil Degradation	138
5.5 Marine Pollution	142
5.5.1 Pollution Due to Organic Wastes	142
5.5.2 Effects of Marine Pollution	146
5.6 Noise Pollution  147
5.6.1 Effects of Noise Pollution	148
5.6.2 Noise Control Techniques	149
5.7	Thermal Pollution	149
5.7.1 Effects	149
5.7.2 Control Measures	150
5.8 Nuclear Hazards  150
5.9 Solid Waste Management: Causes, Effects and Control Measures of
Urban and Industrial Waste 152
5.9.1 Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste	153
5.9.2 Vermicomposting 156
5.9.3 Hazardous Waste 157
5.10Role of an Individual in the Prevention of Pollution	160
5.11 Pollution Case Studies 162
5.12Disaster Management: Floods, Earthquakes, Cyclones, Landslides	164
5.12.1 From Management to Mitigation of Disasters	165
Unit 6: Social Issues and the Environment	175
6.1 From Unsustainable to Sustainable Development	175
6.2 Urban Problems Related to Energy	176
6.3	Water Conservation, Rainwater Harvesting, Watershed Management	178
6.3.1 Water Conservation	178
6.3.2 Rainwater Harvesting	179
6.3.3 Watershed Management	181
6.4 Resettlement and Rehabilitation of People: Its Problems and Concerns	181
6.5 Environmental Ethics: Issues and Possible Solutions	182
6.5.1 Resource Consumption Patterns and the Need for Equitable
Utilisation,	182
6.5.2 The Need for Gender Equity	184
6.5.3 Preserving Resources for Future Generations	186
6.5.4The Rights of Animals	186
6.5.5The Ethical Basis of Environment Education and Awareness	186
6.5.6The Conservation Ethics and Traditional Value Systems of India	188
6.6Climate Change, Global Warming, Acid Rain, Ozone Layer Depletion,
Nuclear Accidents And Holocaust 189
6.6.1 Climate Change	189
6.6.2 Global Warming	193
6.6.3 Acid Rain	193
6.6.4Ozone Layer Depletion	195
6.6.5 Nuclear Accidents and Nuclear Holocaust	195
6.7Wasteland Reclamation	196
6.8Consumerism and Waste Products	198
6.8.1 Reduce, Reuse, Recycle	200
6.8.2 What can an Individual Do?	201
6.9The Environment (Protection) Act               201
6.10The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act	202
6.11The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act	204
6.12 The Wildlife Protection Act	205
6.13 Forest Conservation Act	206
6.14 Issues Involved in Enforcement of Environmental Legislation	208
6.14.1 Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)	209
6.14.2 Citizens Actions and Action Groups	210
6.15	Public Awareness	211
6.15.1 Using an Environmental Calendar of Activities	213
6.15.2 What Can I Do?	213
Unit 7: Human Population and the Environment	220
7.1Population Growth, Variation Among Nations	220
7.1.1   Global Population Growth	221
7.2.Population Explosion: Family Welfare Programme	222
7.2.1Methods of Sterilisation	223
7.2.2Urbanisation	224
7.3Environment and Human Health	226
7.3.1 Environmental Health	227
7.3.2 Climate and Health	229
7.3.3 Infectious Diseases	229
7.3.4 Water-Related Diseases	232
7.3.5 Risks Due to Chemicals in Food	234
7.3.6 Cancer and the Environment	235
7.4 Human Rights	236
7.5 Value Education	236
7.5.1 Environmental Values	237
7.5.2Valuing Nature	240
7.5.3 Valuing Cultures	241
7.5.4 Social Justice	241
7.5.5 Human Heritage	242
7.5.6 Equitable Use of Resources	242
7.5.7 Common Property Resources	242
7.5.8 Ecological Degradation	243
7.6 HIV/AIDS	243
7.7 Woman and Child Welfare	244
7.8 Role of Information Technology in Environment and Human Health	246
Unit 8: Field Work	248
8.1 Visit to a Local Area to Document Environmental Assets:
River/Forest/Grasslands/Hill/Mountain	248
8.2 Visit to a Local Polluted Site	255
8.2.1 Solid Waste Study Site	257
8.2.2Water Pollution Site	258
8.2.3 Air Pollution Site	259
8.3 Study of Common Plants, Insects, Birds	259
8.4 Study of Simple Ecosystems	260
8.4.1 ld Visit to a Forest	262
8.4.2 Visit to a Grassland	268
8.4.3 Visit to a Desert or Semi Arid-Area	268
8.4.4 Visit to an Aquatic Ecosystem	269
8.4.5 Visit to a Hill/Mountain	271
The Need for Sustainable Development and Biodiversity
Conservation for a New Emerging India	273
Multiple Choice Questions	287
Websites	296
Further Reading	298
Index	299

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