TY  - GEN
AU  - Bull, J. W. Ed.
TI  - Computational modelling of masonary, brickwork and blockwork structures
SN  - 9781874672043
U1  - 693.21 
PY  - 2001///
CY  - Stirling
PB  - Saxe-Coburg Publications
KW  -  
N1  - CONTENTS
Preface vii
1 Damage and Failure Models 1
E. Papa
1.1 Introduction    1
1.2 Heterogeneous models  2
1.3 Homogeneous models   3
1.4 An elastic-plastic damage model for masonry   5
1.4.1 Damage evolution law  8
1.4.2 Numerical analyses  10
1.5 A unilateral damage model based on a homogenisation procedure   13
1.5.1 The damage model for bricks and mortar  14
1.5.2 The homogenisation procedure  18
1.5.3 Numerical analyses  19
1.6 Conclusions    21
2 Formulation of Elastic-plastic Joint Elements
and their Application to Practical Structures 27
T. Aoki
2.1 Introduction    27
2.2 The Formulation of Elastic-plastic Joint Elements (Model I: Truss
members breaking in tension)   28
2.2.1 Angle '0 and Stiffness of Esd and Esv  30
2.2.2 Yielding Condition for Plane Stress  32
2.2.3 Formulation of Elastic-plastic Joint Element for the Finite Element
Method   37
2.3 An Analysis of Plane Concrete Under Combined Stress (Model II:
Joint elements for thin layers of mortar)  38
2.4 Slippage under a Footing   40
2.4.1 Joint Elements for Soil (Model III: Mohr-Coulomb yielding
condition)    40
2.4.2 Analysis of Slippage Occurs under a Footing  43
2.5 Conclusion    47
3 Earthquake and Vibration Effects 53
C.A. Syrmakezis and A.A. Sophocleous
3.1 Introduction    53
3.2 Masonry structures   55
3.3 Methods of analysis   57
3.4 Masonry computational models  58
3.5 Structural Simulation   59
3.6 Simulation of Actions   59
3.7 Simulation of Materials Characteristics    60
3.7.1 General   60
3.7.2 Modulus of elasticity - Poisson ratio   60
3.7.3 Shear Modulus  61
3.7.4 Compressive - Tensile Strength 61
3.7.5 Failure criterion  62
3.8 Applications    65
3.8.1 Description of the structures   66
3.8.2 Structural simulation of the structures  66
3.8.3 Simulation of actions   67
3.8.4 Material simulation   68
3.8.5 Analysis results  68
3.8.6 Failure analysis results   68
3.8.7 Repairing and/or strengthening decisions  71
3.8.8 Reanalysis   72
3.8.9 Final Failure Analysis  . 75
3.9 Conclusions    75
4 The Dynamics of Masonry Bell Towers 79
A.R. Selby and J.M. Wilson
4.1 Introduction    79
4.2 Tower construction, bell frames and bells   81
4.3 Forces from a swinging bell 84
4.4 Measured Tower Response  89
4.5 Computational modelling  93
4.5.1 Timoshenko beam models  95
4.5.2 3-D finite element modelling   97
4.5.3 Durham Cathedral and Newcastle Cathedral  100
4.5.4 Summary of FE Analyses   102
4.6 Serviceability and ultimate limit conditions   103
4.6.1 Serviceability  103
4.6.2 Ultimate limits and factors of safety  105
4.7 Conclusions    106
4.8 Acknowledgements  106
5 Settlement Induced Damage to Masonry Buildings 109
C. Augarde
5.1 Introduction    110
5.2 Current procedures used to assess settlement damage due to tunnelling 110
5.2.1 Numerical models of the tunnelling settlement problem 111
5.2.2 Modelling masonry  112
5.3 A three-dimensional finite element model  113
5.3.1 Simulation of tunnelling 113
5.3.2 Modelling a building  114
5.3.3 Choice of masonry model  114
5.3.4 Hardware & software  115
5.4 An elastic no-tension material model for masonry   115
5.4.1 The basic formulation    115
5.4.2 Validation of the masonry formulation  117
5.4.3 Implementation and numerical stability  121
5.4.4 Post-processing masonry data   122
5.5 Two-dimensional studies of facades  123
5.5.1 Fac¸ade types analysed   123
5.5.2 Analysis procedure   123
5.5.3 Results for a plain facade   125
5.5.4 Results for a fac¸ade with openings  127
5.5.5 Discussion   128
5.6 The three-dimensional model of tunnelling  129
5.6.1 Example analyses of a simple building   129
5.6.2 Results   131
5.6.3 Modelling the effects of shaft construction on an 18th century
stone clad church, Maddox Street, London.  134
5.6.4 Results  136
5.6.5 Discussion  139
5.7 Concluding remarks   140
5.8 Acknowledgements  140
6 Modelling and Behaviour of MasonryWalls in Fire 143
M. O'Gara
6.1 Introduction    143
6.2 Thermo-Structural Behaviour of Masonry Walls in Fire  145
6.2.1 Overview  145
6.2.2 Thermal Bowing  145
6.2.3 Masonry Material Properties 146
6.2.4 Wall Geometry  147
6.2.5 Boundary Conditions  147
6.2.6 Applied loading  148
6.2.7 Moisture effects and material spalling 150
6.3 Mechanical Material Properties at Elevated Temperature 150
6.3.1 Overview 150
6.3.2 Concrete material properties 151
6.3.3 Elevated temperature clay and calcium silicate material behaviour 157
6.4 Mathematical Modelling of an Elevated Temperature Masonry Material 157
6.4.1 Elevated temperature concrete material model  158
6.4.2 Elevated temperature clay material model  161
6.5 Description of the Numerical Model  162
6.5.1 Justification of Numerical Strategy 162
6.5.2 The Finite Element Model Developed  163
6.5.3 Validation of the material model and its implementation  166
6.6 Numerical Examples and Comparison with Experimental Results  166
6.6.1 Experimental Investigation  166
6.6.2 Analysis of Experimental Results   168
6.6.3 Discussion of Results  169
6.7 Concluding remarks  175
7 Discontinuous Deformation Analysis of Masonry Bridges 177
N. Bicanic, D. Ponniah and J. Robinson
7.1 Introduction    177
7.2 Computational Frameworks for Masonry             179
7.3 Discontinuous Deformation Analysis, DDA  181
7.4 Couplet/Heyman Benchmark Problem  184
7.5 Edinburgh Arch and Influence of Backfill  188
7.6 Conclusions    193
8 Modelling Masonry Arch Bridges 197
C. Melbourne and M. Gilbert
8.1 Introduction    197
8.2 The influence of masonry materials            198
8.3 Development of modelling strategies for masonry arch bridges  201
8.4 The 'mechanism' method of analysis: a linear programming formulation204
8.4.1 Basic method204
8.4.2 Removing 'no-sliding' assumption 208
8.4.3 Including crushing of the masonry in the analysis  209
8.4.4 Multi-span arches. 211
8.4.5 Multi-ring arches 211
8.4.6 Masonry in the spandrel zone  212
8.4.7 Soil-structure interaction213
8.5 The use of elastic methods of analysis for masonry arch bridges . . . 213
8.5.1 Modelling cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
8.5.2 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
8.6 Conclusions    215
8.A Derivation of the transformation matrices for rigid block analysis . . . 216
9 Numerical Analysis of Old Masonry Buildings 221
F. Genna and P. Ronca
9.1 Introduction    221
9.2 Issues in the numerical modelling of old masonry  224
9.2.1 Geometry of the numerical model   224
9.2.2 Discrete numerical model   224
9.2.3 Loading and boundary conditions   225
9.2.4 Choice of formulation and finite elements   225
9.2.5 Choice of the constitutive model  226
9.2.6 Choice of the material parameters   229
9.2.7 Other issues   230
9.3 Analysis of masonry walls   231
9.3.1 A wall of the San Faustino cloister in Brescia, Italy   231
9.3.2 A wall of the church "Chiesa della Disciplina" in Verolanuova,
Italy    242
9.4 Analysis of arches and vaults  251
9.4.1 Influence of structural details on the computational model . . 252
9.4.2 The computational models of the vault structural details . . . 252
9.4.3 Elastic analysis of a cloister vault with frescoes of the XVIII
century    256
9.4.4 Limit analysis of vaulted masonry structures subjected to both
vertical and horizontal actions  258
9.4.5 Limit analysis of a supporting arch of the Basilica Superiore
of Assisi, Italy   262
9.5 Conclusion    266
10 Historic Masonry Structures 273
E.A.W. Maunder and W.J. Harvey
10.1 Introduction    273
10.2 Structural Philosophy   275
10.3 Computational Techniques   276
10.3.1 A Review  277
10.3.2 Thrust lines in skeletal forms   278
10.3.3 Thrust lines in continuous forms   284
10.4 Case studies of historical masonry structures   292
10.4.1 Bridgemill Bridge   292
10.4.2 Horrabridge   293
10.4.3 Exeter Cathedral  298
10.4.4 Wells Cathedral    305
10.5 Closure    . . 307
Index 312
Author Biographies 319

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