TY - GEN AU - Divan, Shyam AU - Rosencranz, Armin TI - Environmental law and policy in India: Cases, materials and statutes SN - 9780195661736 U1 - 333.7026 PY - 2014/// CY - New Delhi PB - Oxford University Press N2 - Preface vii Acknowledgements ix Summary of Contents xi Table of Cases xxi 1. INTRODUCTION A. Environmental Regulation in the 1990s: An Overview 1 B. The Nature of Ecosystems 4 C. Population Growth and Economic Incentives: Two Causes of Environmental Disruption 8 D. Common Property and Ecosystem Services 12 E. Courts and the Environment. 21 2. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY IN INDIA 23 A. Readings from Ancient Indian Law 24 B. Readings on Forest Policy and Legislation 25 C Early Environmental Legislation 30 D. Readings on India's Environmental Policy in the 1970s 31 E. Policy Since the Mid-1980s 35 F. Liberalization and Economic Approaches 37 3. CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGISLATIVE PROVISIONS 40 A. Constitutional Provisions and the Environment 41 I. Fundamental Norms 41 II. Division of Legislative Authority 42 HI. The Forty-Second Amendment Act 44 IV. The Directive Principles of State Policy 45 V. Article 253 and Environmental Legislation 46 VI. Federalism: Some Issues 47 B. Environmental Protection and Fundamental Rights 49 I. The Right to a Wholesome Environment 49 II. The Right to Livelihood 51 III. The Right to Equality 53 IV. Freedom to Trade Vis-a-Vis Environmental Protection 54 C. Digest of Environmental Legislation 58 Interpretation of Environmental Statute 59 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981 60 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974 60 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act of 1977 61 The Wild Life (Protection) Act of 1972 61 The Public Liability Insurance Act of 1991 62 The National Environment Tribunal Act of 1995 62 The National Environment Appellate Authority Act of 1997 63 The Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act of 1957 63 The Indian Forest Act of 1927 63 The Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980 64 The Insecticides Act of 1968 64 The Atomic Energy Act of 1962 65 The Factories Act of 1948 65 D. The Environment (Protection) Act of 1986 66 I. The Scope of the Act 66 II. Delegated Legislation 68 III. Sections 3 and 5 of the EPA 73 IV. Violations and Penalties under the Act 81 V Enforcement of the Act 82 VI. The National Environment Appellate Authority Act of 1997 85 4. JUDICIAL REMEDIES AND PROCEDURES 87 A. Tort Law 88 I. Damages-and Injunction 88 II. Nuisance, Negligence, Strict Liability and Absolute Liability 91 B. Public Nuisance 112 C. The Writ Jurisdiction 122 I. Source of the Writ Jurisdiction . 122 II. Writs of Mandamus, Prohibition and Certiorari 123 HI. Limitations on the Writ Jurisdiction 127 IV. Articles 32 and 226 129 V. Judicial Review and Special Considerations 130 D. Statutory Remedies 132 E. Public Interest Litigation. 133 I. Expanded Standing and the Emergence of PIL in India 134 II. Locus Standi Today: Scope and Restrictions 139 III. The Relaxation of Procedures 141 IV. The New Challenges: Facts, Expertise and Supervision. 143 V. Directions and Relief . 145 F. Class Actions 153 I. Order 1 Rule 8 154 II. Class Actions and the Environment 155 III. Class Suits and PIL Writs 156 G. Freedom of Information and the Right to Know 157 I. Jasanoff; The Bhopal Disaster and the ^ight to Know 158 II. Executive Misuse of the Official Secrets Act 160 III. Judicial Recognition of the Right to Know 161 IV. Judicial Developments 162 V. Environmental Laws and Access to Official Information 165 5. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL 167 A. Water Pollution: Scope of the Problem 172 B. The Water Act 176 I. Framework of the Water Act 176 II. Scope of Judicial Relief Under the Water Act 183 IIL Constitutional Challenges to Section 33 Restraining Orders 187 IV Criminal Liability. 189 V. The Water Cess Act 197 12. REGULATION OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES 514 A. Legislative Framework 514 B. The Shriram Gas Leak Case 520 C. Pesticide and Radiation Cases 542 13. THE BHOPAL GAS LEAK CASE 547 A. Introduction 547 B. Who was to Blame? 550 C. The Forum 552 D. The Government 554 E. The Settlement 556 F. The Compensation Machinery 560 14. TRANSNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES 563 A. The Indus River Basin 564 B. The Ganga-Brahmaputra River Basin System 571 15. INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND GLOBAL ISSUES 579 A. Introduction 579 B. India's International Obligations 581 C. Established Norms of International Environmental Law 583 D. Conflicts Between the Environment and Free Trade 590 E. Human Rights, Indigenous People and the Environment 591 F. Environmental Justice 593 I. Environmental Poverty Law 593 II. North-South Tensions 593 G. Air Pollution and Protection of the Atmosphere 594 H. Protecting Endangered Species 598 I. Protecting the Global Commons 600 J. Protecting Forest Ecosystems 601 APPENDICES A. The Air Act 607 B. The Water Act 635 C. The Environment Act 672 D. The Environment Rules 683 E. Coastal Regulations 788 F. Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations 800 G. The Forest (Conservation) Act 813 H. The Noise Rules 816 Index 820 ER -