TY - BOOK AU - Salvadori, Mario TI - Why buildings stand up : the strength of architecture SN - 0393306763 U1 - 624.17 PY - 2002/// CY - New York PB - W. W. Norton & Co. KW - Buildings KW - Structural engineering KW - Structural stability N1 - Contents 1 Structures 17 The Beginning of Architecture 17 Function and Structure 18 Architects and Engineers 23 Structure and the Layman 24 2 The Pyramids 27 What Are They? 27 The Building of the Pyramids 29 The Social Purpose of the Pyramids 38 The Death of the Pyramids 40 3 Loads 43 Dead Loads 43 Live Loads 44 Dynamic Loads 45 Wind Loads 49 Earthquake Loads 53 Thermal and Settlement Loads 54 4 Materials 59 Tension and Compression 59 Elasticity and Plasticity 60 Safety Factors 63 Steel 64 Reinforced Concrete 66 Plastics 70 5 Beams and Columns 72 Newton's Laws 72 Translational Equilibrium 73 Rotational Equilibrium 75 Beam Action 76 Shear 83 Buckling 85 6 Houses 90 Prehistoric and Historic Houses 90 The American House 94 Concrete-Frame Housing 96 Prefabricated Concrete Buildings 101 7 Skyscrapers 107 The High-Rise Building 107 The Birth of a Skyscraper 109 The Skyscraper Structure 116 8 The Eiffel Tower 126 The Symbol 126 The Builder of the Tower 129 The Building of the Tower 133 Cranes and Elevators 136 The Life of the Tower 140 The Taller Towers 141 9 Bridges 144 Arches 144 Railroad Bridges 150 Concrete Bridges 157 Space Frames 160 10 The Brooklyn Bridge 165 The Creator of the Bridge 165 The Construction of the Bridge 169 Modern Suspension Bridges 176 11 Form-Resistant Structures 179 Grids and Flat Slabs 179 Strength through Form 186 Curved Surfaces 188 Barrel Roofs and Folded Plates 191 Saddle Roofs 195 Complex Roofs 198 Thin Shell Dams 201 12 The Unfinished Cathedral 206 The Origin of the Gothic Cathedrals 206 Gothic Spaces and Structures 209 Saint Pierre at Beauvais 217 13 Domes 225 The Largest Roofs in the World 225 The Dome as Structure 226 The Pantheon 230 Santa Maria del Fiore 233 Modern Domes 242 14 Hagia Sophia 246 The Construction of the Church 246 The Interior of the Church 248 The Structure of the Church 252 The Fate of Hagia Sophia 255 15 Tents and Balloons 259 Tents 259 Pneumatic Structures 268 16 The Hanging Sky 278 Domes and Dishes 278 The Hanging Dish 280 17 The Message of Structure 288 Semiotic Messages 288 Semiotic Message and Scale 297 The Varying Semiotic Message 300 Afterword 303 Index 315 ER -