TY  - BOOK
AU  - Schaur, Eda
TI  - IL:39 : Non-planned settlements : characteristic features - path system, surface subdivision
SN  - 3782820398
U1  - 721 
PY  - 1992///
CY  - Germany
PB  - Institute of Lightweight Structures
KW  -  
N1  - CONTENTS PREFACE by Frei Otto  8 COMMENTS TO THIS WORK 12 I. WHAT DOES NON-PLANNED MEAN? 1. OVERVIEW  16 2. THE PROBLEM  18 2.1. The Settlement Structure - Path System and Surface Subdivision  18 2.2. Are there any Common Aspects in Respect of Structure? 19 2.3. The Concept of Non-Planned Settlements  20 3. PROCESSES OF FORMATION OF SETTLEMENT STRUCTURES22 3.1.  Collective Planning,  Self-Planning and Self- Organisation  22 3.2. Central Planning  26 4. HOW TO RECOGNIZE NON-PLANNED SETTLEMENTS  28 4.1. When is a Form Complex?  28 4.2. Form Generation through Planning  28 4.3. Form Generation through Self-Planning and Self-Organisation  29 II. EXPERIMENTS ON STRUCTURE FORMATION 1. CAN SELF-GENERATING FORMS AND PROCESSES SERVE AS MODELS OF STRUCTURE FORMATION?  32 1.1. What are Self-Generating Forms?  32 1.2. Comparisons with Settlement Structures  33 1.3. Notes on the Experimental Studies  33 2. GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE TOPOLOGICAL AND METRIC FEATURES OF STRUCTURES  34 3. LINKING SEVERAL POINTS OF A SURFACE  36 3.1.  Direct Path Systems  38 3.2.  Minimal Ways  40 3.3.  Minimal Ways of Several Generations  43 3.4.  Minimised Detour Systems  46 3.5.  Comparison of the Three Systems  50 4. THE CLOSE PACKING AS A MODEL OF SURFACE OCCUPATION  52 4.1. Bubble Floats - Models of Close Packings  54 4.2. Sand Pouring - a Different Model of Surface Occupation  58 5. SYNOPSIS OF SELF-GENERATING STRUCTURES  64 III. METHODS - COMPARING STRUCTURAL FEATURES 1. THE STUDY  66 1.1. Settlement Structures as Carriers of Information  66 1.2. The Various Phases of the Study  67 2. NOTES 9N THE STRUCTURAL FEATURES WHICH WERE STUDIED68 2.1. Topological Features  68 2.2. Topological and Metric Features  69 2.3. Notes on the Methods of Study  69 3. STUDIES OF THE FEATURES OF PATH SYSTEMS  70 3.1. The Overall Form  71 3.2. The Nodes of a Path System  71 3.3. Routes of Paths Between Nodes  74 3.4. Continuous Paths  74 4. STUDY OF SURFACE SYSTEMS  75 4.1. Sub-Areas  75 4.2. The Occupation of Sub-Areas  75 4.3. Forms and Sizes of Sub-Areas  75 4.4. Neighbourhoods  76 5. PATH SYSTEMS AS LINKING NETWORKS  79 5.1. Notes on the Problem and Realization of the Study 79 5.2. The Shortest Path  80 5.3. The Path with the Minimum Number of Nodes  80 5.4. Start and End Points  81 5.5. The Detour as a System Feature  82 5.6. Average Distances  83 5.7. Frequency of Path Use  84 5.8. Path Systems Density  85 IV. STUDIES OF INDIVIDUAL EXAMPLES 1. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND PLANS  88 1.1. Aerial Photographs and Plans as Sources of Information  88 1.2. Notes on the Representation of Settlement Structures 88 2. INVESTIGATED STRUCTURES  90 2.1. Settlements - Selected Examples  90 2.2. Self-Generating and Other Structures  90 2.3. The Structure of Individual Studies  90 2.4. Preliminary Notes on the Description of Individual Studies  91 3. SETTLEMENTS  92 Labbezanga, Mali 1955 and 1973  94 Yaguine, Mali  98 Scattered Village near Lake Natron, Tanzania 100 A Village in Ethiopia *  102 African Village No. 1  104 African Village No. 2  106 African Village No. 3  108 A Village in Mali  110 Tell Bisse, Syria  112 Karagedik, Turkey  114 Sokota, Ethiopia  116 Bida, Nigeria  118 Harar, Ethiopia  120 Martina Franca, Italy  122 Ahmedabad, India  124 Shushtar, Iran  126 Istanbul, Turkey  128 Timgad, Algeria  130 4. SELF-GENERATING STRUCTURES  132 Minimised Detour System - Thread Model 134 Bubble Floats  136 Sand Model  138 Crack Pattern No. 1  140 Crack Pattern No. 2  142 Supply System of Leaves  144 Network System of the Dragonfly Wing 146 Control Group: Homogenous Grids  148 Animal Track Systems  150 5. PATH SYSTEMS - DETOURS, AVERAGE DISTANCES, FREQUENCY OF USE AND SYSTEM DENSITY  154 5.1. Preliminary Notes on the Presentation of the Studies 154 Sokota  156 Martina Franca  162 Bubble Float  168 Control Group: Homogeneous Grids  174 V.  ARE THERE COMMON FEATURES? 1. PRELIMINARY NOTES  178 2. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF PATH SYSTEMS  179 2.1.Occurrence of Various Types of Nodes  179 2.2.  Path Courses between Neighbouring Nodes  183 2.3.  Continuous Paths  183 3. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF SUB-AREAS AND MESHES 184 3.1. Neighbourhood Relationships  184 3.2. Frequency of Occupied and Unoccupied Sub-Areas 188 3.3. Occupation and Neighbourhood Relationships of Sub-Areas  189 3.4. Neighbourhood Relationships of Unoccupied Sub-Areas 189 4. COMPARISON OF THE TWO TOPOLOGICAL FEATURES OF DIFFERENT STRUCTURES  190 4.1.  Construction of a Synoptic Diagram 190 4.2.  Categorisation of Structures by Topological Features 191 4.3.  Non-Planned Settlements - a Structural Family? 194 5. PATH SYSTEMS AS NETWORKS OF LINKS  195 5.1. Detours   196 5.2. Average Distances   200 5.3. Frequency of Path Use   201 5.4. Observations on the Density of Path and Network Systems    202 VI. INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS, OPEN QUESTIONS 1. RECAPITULATION  206 2. OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENERATION OF STRUCTURES 207 2.1. Generating Structures by Linking  207 2.2. Surface Occupation - an Important Factor in the Generation of Structures  208 3. OPEN QUESTIONS, FURTHER RESEARCH TASKS  210 3.1.  Settlement Structures  210 3.2.  The Freedom of Structural Forms  211 3.3.  Relationships Between Human Behaviour and Structure  212 3.4.  Self-Organisation  214 3.5.  Prospects  215 VII. APPENDIX 1. DETAILED INFORMATION ON EVALUATION OF INDIVIDUAL EXAMPLES  218 1.1. Graphical Representation of the Evaluation 218 1.2. Tabular Listing of the Type of Nodes and Neighbourhood Numbers  218 1.3. Individual Examples  219 2.  STUDENT WORKS  248 3.  ILLUSTRATION INDEX  249 4.  LITERATURE  250 6.  CURRICULUM VITAE  253
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