CONTENTS Part 1 1 On the built environment- the urban influence 3 M. Santamouris, Department of Applied Physics, University of Athens Some basic notes on the built environment 3 Urbanization and dim ate 6 Energy use 8 Use of materials 11 Air quality ami noise 12 Future priorities 14 References 15 2 Climate and climate change 19 D. N. Asimakopoulos, Department of Applied Physics, University of Athens The climate system 19 Climate change 22 Possible causes of climate change 23 References 32 3 Wind patterns in urban environments 33 M. Santamouris, Department of Applied Physics, University of Athens Wind distribution in the urban environment 33 Wind speed characteristics 34 References 38 4 Thermal balance in the urban environment 39 M. Santamouris, Department of Applied Physics, University of Athens Urban energy fluxes 39 The role of anthropogenic heat 41 Solar, atmospheric andterrestrialradiation 42 References 45 5 Heat-island effect 48 M. Santamouris, Department of Applied Physics, University of Athens Definitions and physical principles 48 Heat-island parametric models 50 Heat-island studies in Europe 53 Heat-island studies in North America 53 Heat-island studies in other countries 56 Heat-island studies in hot Mediterranean climates 57 References 66 6 The canyon effect 69 M. Santamouris, Department of Applied Physics, University of Athens The climate of urban canyons 69 Temperature distribution in urban canyons 69 Airflow in the urban canyon 75 Prediction of the air speed in canyons 85 Urban canyon models 88 References 93 7 The energy impact nf the urban environment 97 M. Santamouris, Department of Allied Physics, University of Athens Urban environment and the energy consumption of buildings 97 Analysis of existing data correlating urban temperatures and energy consumption 97 Natural ventilation in urban areas 104 Night ventilation in urban areas 107 References 108 8 Short-wave radiation 110 A. Tsangrassoulis, Department of Applied Physics, University of Athens Solar radiation in urban areas 115 Energy balance in the urban canyon 111 Methods for the calculation of short-wave radiation119 Daylight in urban areas 121 Sunlighting 125 Reflected mnlight and daylight 128 Methods for calculating daylight in urban areas 131 References 134 Further reading 136 9 Urban polllution 137 V. D. Asimakopoulos, Centre of Environmental Technology, Imperial College, London Urban pollution 137 Air pollution in street canyons 139 Urban noise 142 References 144 10 The role of green spaces 145 M. Santamouris, Department of Applied Physics, University of Athens General - physical principles 145 Evaluation of the transpiration rate from trees 148 The impact of trees and urban parks on ambient temperature and air quality 149 The impact of trees on the energy consumption of buildings / 54 References 156 11 Appropriate materials for the urban environment 160 M, Santamouris, Department of Applied Physics, University of Athens General and physical principles 160 Optical characteristics of materials 162 Albedo of urban areas 172 The role of materials in the energy consumption of buildings and cities 177 References 178 12 Applied lighting technology for urban buildings 182 P. Michd, Laboratoire des Sciences de I'Habitat Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de I'Etat Fundamentals of lighting 183 Vision and colour 184 Daylighting 185 Designing -with daylight 193 References 198 Further reading 198 13 Active solar heating systems for urban areas 199 D. Mangold, Institute fur Therm-odynamik und Warmetechnik, University of Stuttgart Systems for solar energy supply 199 Solar technology 201 Economics 203 European overview 205 Examples of German projects 205 Future prospects 2!0 References 211 14 Indoor air quality and ventilation in the urban environment 212 P. Michel, Laboratoire des Sciences de I'Habitat Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de I'Etat Indoor air quality 272 Indoor pollutants and pollutant sources 213 International standards for indoor air quality 216 Reducing indoorpollutant concentration 218 Ven tilation strategies 219 Natural ventilation 219 Mechanical ventilation 223 References 229 Further reading 229 15 Urban settlements 230 P. Michel, Laboratoire des Sciences de I'Habitat Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de I'Etat The site and the location 2 30 Urban morphologies 233 Urban dynamics 238 Building design 242 Part 2 16 Guidelines for integrating energy conservation techniques in urban Buildings 247 N. Chrisomallidou, Laboratory of Building Construction and Physics, University of Tbessaloniki Introduction 241 Design guidelines 250 Energy conservation strategies 214 Passive solar heating strategies 2 80 Passive solar coolingstrategies 286 Naturalligbtingstrategi.es 304 References 308 Furth er reading 3 09 17 Examples of urban buildings 310 N. Chrisomallidou, Laboratory of Building Construction and Physics,, University ofThessaloniki Example building 1 - a conventional multi-use building in Thessaloniki, Greece 315 Example building 2 -a passive solar single house in Athens, Greece 324 Example building 3 - a passive solar single house in Athens, Greece 336 Example building 4 - a passive solar apartment house in Athens, Greece 341 Exa?nple building 5-an apartment and office building in Nice, France 360 Example buildings 6 and 7-a primary school and a gymnasium- with a central solar heating plant having seasonal storage in Neckarsulm, Germany 367 Example building 6-a solar primary school in Neckarsulm, Germany 3 69 Example building 7-a solar gymnasium in Neckarsulm, Germany 3 75 References 319 Appendix N. Klitsikas, Department of Applied Physics, University of Athens User's manual for POLISTUDIES, a multimedia tool for studying the energy efficiency of buildings in urban environments 383 Index 399