Preface XI 1. Design Philosophy and Practices 1-13 1.1 Introduction1 1.2 Underground Tanks for the Sewage Treatment Plant Projects1 1.3 Water Reservoir for the Public Fresh Potable Water Supply Projects 2 1.4 Immersed Highway Tunnel under the River Bed2 1.5 Underground Tanks for the Private and Public Swimming Pool Facilities 2 1.6 Types of Hydraulic Structures3 1.6.1Dam Structure3 1.6.2Power Intake Structure 3 1.6.3Power Tunnels 3 1.6.4Spillway Structure 3 1.6.5 Hydroelectric Power Plant Structure 4 1.7 Design Considerations4 1.8 Materials 6 1.8.1Design Stresses6 1.8.2Durability and Cover to Reinforcement 6 1.8.3Design Life and Serviceability 6 1.9 Structural Analysis7 1.9.1Ultimate Limit States (ULS) Method of Analysis7 1.9.2 Serviceability Limit States (SLS) Method of Analysis7 1.9.3Load Combinations7 1.9.4 Structural Analysis and Design of Hydraulic Structures8 1.9.5Analysis of Walls and Junctions9 1.9.6Design Calculations for Crack Width9 1.10 Construction Joints 11 1.11 Site Conditions11 1.11.1 Ground Movement 11 1.11.2 Aggressive Soils and Chemical Deterioration12 1.11.3 Sequence of Construction of Underground Liquid Retaining Structures 12 1.12 Abbreviations13 References13 2. Sedimentation Tank 14-22 2.1Principles and Practices14 2.1.1 Chemical Separation Process 14 2.2Design Data 75 2.3Design Considerations15 2.3.1Functional Aspects15 2.3.2Choice of Construction Materials16 2.3.3Design Stresses16 2.4Pressure Calculations16 2.5Bending Moment17 2.5.1For Horizontal Span 17 2.5.2Along the Plane of Slope17 2.6 Design of Section17 2.6.1Calculation Reinforcement Steel17 2.6.2Calculation of Crack Width 20 2.7 To Check against Floatation 21 References 22 3. Digestion Tanks 23-34 3.1Brief Description of the Structure 23 3.2Functional Aspects 23 3.2.1 Principles of Process 23 3.3Alternative Choice of Open or Covered Top 24 3.4Selection of Construction Materials 25 3.5Ground Conditions 25 3.6Design Data 25 3.7Design Stresses 25 3.8Codes Followed 26 3.9 Structural Analysis and Design 26 3.9.1Design Considerations of Cylindrical Tank Wall 3.9.2Pressure Calculations 27 3.9.3Design of Section 27 3.9.4Distribution Steel/Vertical Steel to Resist Early Age Thermal Cracking 3.9.5To Check against Cracking in Tension 29 3.10 To Check against Uplift 30 3.11 Soil Pressure Calculations 31 . Design of Conical Base31 3.12.1 Design of Peripheral Beam 31 3.12.2 Design along the Perimeter of Dome32 3.13 Investigation of Temperature Stress in Wall32 References 34 4. A Covered Fresh Water Service Reservoir in a Rural District Community 35-58 4.1Brief Description35 4.2 The Basic Dimensions of the Reservoir36 4.3 Functional Aspect36 4.4 Alternative Arrangement to Place the Reservoir on High Elevated Support 36 4.5 Ground Conditions37 4.6 Selection of Construction Materials37 4.7 Basic Principles in the Structural Analysis and Design 37 4.8 Design Considerations in the Analyses along with Construction Stages 37 4.8.1Basement Wall37 4.8.2To Check for Crack Width44 4.9 Design of Roof Slab45 4.9.1Design Considerations45 4.10 Design of Foundation Slab 5/ 4.10.1 Design Considerations57 4.10.2 General Pressure Calculations52 4.10.3 Analysis53 4.10.4 Design of Section53 4.10.5 Check for Punching Shear54 4.10.6 Cheek for Crack Width56 4.10.7 Design of Column58 References 58 5. Immersed Highway Tunnel Crossing a River 59-94 5.1Introduction59 5.2 Brief Description of Structure59 5.3 Design Philosophy and Practice60 5.3.1Functional Aspects of Structure 61 5.3.2Alternative Structural Arrangement61 5.3.3Structural System and Type61 5.3.4Buildability62 5.3.5Selection of Construction Material62 5.3.6Location. Ground Condition and Seismic Information 62 5.3.7Environmental Impact 64 5.3.8Design Concept 64 5.4 Structural Analysis and Design64 5.4.1Structural Analysis64 5.4.2Methods and Procedures in the Analysis and Design64 5.5Design Data 66 5.5.1General 66 5.5.2Loads66 5.5.3Properties of Materials69 5.5.4Ultimate Limit States (ULS)70 5.5.5Serviceability Limit States (SLS) Method70 5.5.6Load Combinations70 5.6Earth Works71 5.7To Check for Floatation in SLS Method71 5.8Soil Pressure Calculations at the Base of Foundation73 5.9Analysis of Structural Frame73 5.9.1Design Concept73 5.9.2Analysis of Structure73 5.9.3Procedures in the Analysis73 5.9.4To Prepare a Structural Model73 5.9.5Loadings73 5.9.6Analysis of Structural Portal Frame75 5.9.7Design of Structural Members82 References 94 6. Underground Tanks for the Private and Public Swimming Pool Facilities 95-113 6.1Introduction95 6.2Brief Description96 6.2.1Competition Pools96 6.3Design Data96 6.4Design Philosophy and Practice97 6.4.1 Functional Aspects 98 6.4.2Alternative Structural System 98 6.4.3Structural System and Type98 6.4.4Selection of Construction Material99 6.4.5Location, Ground Condition and Seismic Information99 6.5Structural Analysis and Design100 6.5.1Structural Analysis100 6.5.2Methods and Procedures in the Analysis and Design100 6.5.3Procedures in the Design of Structural Members101 6.6Design Data101 6.6.1General101 6.6.2Loads101 6.6.3Safety against Uplift for the Swimming Pool Structure101 6.6.4Concrete Durability102 6.6.5Properties of Materials102 6.6.6Ultimate Limit State (ULS) Method 103 6.6.7Serviceability Limit State (SLS) Method103 6.6.8Load Combinations104 6.7To Check Floatation in SLS Method104 6.8To Calculate the Soil Pressure under the Foundation Base105 6.9Analysis of Structure106 6.9.1Analysis of Vertical Wall106 6.9.2Analysis of Base Slab109 References113 7. A Gravity Dam for Fresh Water Reservoir 114-128 7.1Introduction114 7.2Design Philosophy and Practice116 7.2.1Functional Aspects116 7.2.2Types of Concrete Gravity Dams116 7.2.3Construction Methods and Construction Procedures116 7.2.4Selection of Construction Materials117 7.2.5Site Selection, Ground Condition and Foundation Strength Parameters 117 7.2.6Buildability (Constructibility)119 7.2.7Environmental Impact119 7.3Design Data119 7.3.1General119 7.3.2Loads119 7.3.3Safety against Uplift for the Completed Dam121 7.3.4Overturning Stability121 7.3.5Sliding Stability121 7.3.6Properties of Concrete122 7.3.7Load Combinations123 7.4Stability Analysis123 7.4.1To Check for Floatation in SLS Method123 7.4.2Overturning Stability124 7.4.3Foundation Pressure 125 7.4.4Concrete Stress127 7.4.5Sliding Stability127 References127 Index129-132