CONTENTS Figures x Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii Abbreviations xiv 1 What is spatial planning? 1 Introduction 1 Spatial planning: theory and practice 2 Spatial planning: an English approach 6 The provenance of spatial planning 13 Conclusions: bringing it all together 20 2 The local governance context of the English spatial planning system 22 Introduction 22 Local government: the implications of the 2000 reforms for planning 23 Conclusions 45 3 The English spatial planning system 46 Introduction 46 What are the components of the Local Development Framework? 47 Tests of Soundness (ToS) 70 Conclusions 75 4 The evidence base of spatial planning 76 Introduction 76 Why is evidence important? 76 Evidence collection and quality 81 Integrated approaches to the use of evidence for spatial planning 83 Consultation processes as evidence 85 Using evidence in spatial planning 85 Specific studies for spatial planning 87 Sustainability Appraisal (SA) 94 Putting evidence in the public domain 97 Conclusions 98 Introduction 100 Building social and institutional capital 101 Service users as customers 103 The role of consultation as evidence 104 Consultation requirements in preparing an LDF: Statement of Community Involvement (SCI) 105 Consultation methods 109 Engaging stakeholders 120 The role of Planning Aid 122 Conclusions 122 Making places: delivery through spatial planning 123 Introduction 123 The infrastructure turn 124 Preparing for delivery 1 28 Working together on an Infrastructure Delivery Plan (IDP) 128 Putting it all together: a Steps Approach 131 Funding delivery 142 Infrastructure delivery strategy 142 Conclusions 145 Infrastructure categories 146 Taking an integrated approach to local spatial delivery 151 Introduction 151 Delivering social objectives 152 Delivering economic objectives 165 Delivering environmental objectives 172 Conclusions 174 Managing spatial planning 175 Introduction 175 Does spatial planning require cultural change for planners? 175 The role of management in effective spatial planning 178 Skills 183 Project management 185 Performance management 189 Development management 194 Conclusions 197 9 Regional and sub-regional spatial planning 199 Introduction 199 The European context for English regional planning 200 Mega regions in England 202 Regions 205 Sub-regions and city regions 212 The enigma of London 216 Conclusions 217 10 Spatial planning in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland 218 Introduction 218 Scotland 220 Wales 225 Northern Ireland 231 Conclusions: diverging or converging systems of spatial planning? 236 11 Spatial planning in Europe, North America and Australia 239 Introduction 239 The characteristics of spatial planning in Europe 240 Spatial planning outside Europe 252 Conclusions 257 12 Spatial planning: what does it all add up to? 258 Introduction 258 The seven Cs of spatial planning 260 What's next for spatial planning? 264 Notes 265 References 266 Index 289