Contents Preface - xi Acknowledgements xv Maps and Photos xvii I. ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS: AN INTRODUCTION I 1.1.1 Ecology 4 1.1.2 Soils 6 1.1.3 Climate 6 1.1.4 Flora and Fauna of the Islands 8 1.1.5 Socio-cultural Conditions 22 1.2 Aborigines 16 1.2.1 Jarawas 16 1.2.2 Sentinelese 20 1.2.3 Onges 28 1.2A Great Andamanese 28 1.3 Tribals of Nicobar 28 1.3.1 Nicobarese 31 1.3.2 Shompens 31 1.4 Literacy Rate of Tribals of Andaman and Nicobar Islands 3 1.5 Political and Strategic Importance of the Andaman and Nicobar Island 3 1.6 Operational Definition of the Terms 4 1.6.1 Modernization 44 VIII Education for Modernising Tribals Contents ix 1.6.2 Varnacular Schools 47 1.6.3 Ashram Schools 47 1.7 Need, Emergence and Objectives 48 2. STUDIES ON TRIBAL EDUCATION 52 2.1 Related Studies in Pre-Independence Period53 2.2 Related Studies in the Post-Independence Period 57 2.3 Present Study in Relation to Reviewed Literature 63 3. EDUCATION FOR TRIBALS: METHODOLOGY 69 3.1. Introduction 69 3.2. Design of the Study 70 3.2.1. The Pilot Study 70 3.2.2. The Main Study 70 .-'I/, '3.3. Sample 3.4. Description of Tools ' 73 3.4.1. Opinionnaire 73 3.4.2. Questionnaire 74 3.4.3. Interview Schedule 74 3.5. Collection of Data 75 3.6. Data Analysis 75 4. VIEWS ON EDUCATION FOR MODERNISING TRIBALS 77 4.1. Educational Facilities Available in Nicobar District 77 4.2. Students' View on the Issues 80 4.3. Parents' View on the Issues 89 4.4. Analysis of the Views of the Headmasters/ Principals, Tribal Leaders and Officers 97 4.4.1. Views of Headmasters/Principals 98 4.4.2. Opinion of Tribal Leaders 101 4.4.3. The Views of Administrative Officers 104 4.4.4. Cross Analysis 105 4.5. Analysis from Secondary Sources 4.5.1. Number of Educational Institutions 107 4.5.2. Number of Teachers 111 4.5.3. Enrolment of Students 111 5. CONCLUSIONS 6. EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS Appendices Appendix A: Opinionnaire Appendix B: Questionnaire Appendix C: Interview Schedule Appendix D: Interview Schedule Appendix E: Interview Schedule Bibliography Index