'Contents Foreword Preface 1. INTRODUCTION 2. CONCEPT OF POVERTY 3. MEASUREMENT OF POVERTY Head Count Ratio or Poverty Incidence Ratio Poverty Gap Ratio Normalised Poverty Gap Average Poverty Gap Poverty Intensity Ratio Generalised Deficit Ratio Poverty Burden Ratio Poverty Removal Ratio Geometric Gap Ratio Index of Poverty Method Characteristics of Poverty Index P Substitutes of Index of Poverty Characteristics of M Index Remarks vi Economics of Poverty Measurement of Burden of Poverty 26 Measurement of Possibility of Poverty Alleviation by Income Transfer 26 Some Deciding Factors 27 Measurement of Absolute Poverty 32 Consumption Expenditure Method 33 Engel Coefficient Method (Measurement of Orshansky) 34 .,;.!,,.,. Measurement of Friedman 34 Method of Watts 35 ; Correct Application Method 35 ; Monetary Value Determination Method of : Absolute Poverty Alleviation 37 Demand for Employment in Town 37 rDemand for Developed Health 38 Demand for Normal Environment 39 Demand of Non-institutional Environment 39 Determination Method of Aggregate Welfare of Poverty 40 Problems of Poverty Measurement 42 4. POVERTY MEASUREMENT : A NEW CONCEPT 47 5. NATURE OF WORLD POVERTY 58 6. WORLD POVERTY AND ITS REMEDY 67 Effects of Structural Adjustment Programme 69 Poverty Eradication of United National 70 Assistance for Security and Human Development 72 Assistance of UNO to the Structural Adjustment Programme 72 Other Functions 73 Remarks 7. ECONOMICS OF POVERTY IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 75 Introduction 75 Poverty Scenario of the Developing Countries 75 Causes of Poverty 77 Policies for Amelioration of Poverty 84 Conclusion 90 8. MEASUREMENT OF INDIAN POVERTY AND BRIEF DESCRIPTION 92 Income Inequality and Indian Poverty 98 9. A BRIEF EVALUATION OF POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMME OF INDIA 105 Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) 107 Jawahar Rojgar Yojana 109 Self-Employment to Educated Unemployment Youth Scheme 112 Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) 114 Self-Employment Programme for Urban Poor (SEEPUP) 116 Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM) 116 Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana 120 Sampurna Gramin Rojgar Yojana 120 Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana 120 Pradhan Mantri Gram Sarak Yojana120 An today a Annayojana 121 Annapurna Yojana 121 Swarnajayanti Shahari Rojgar Yojana121 Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana 121 A Short Evaluation of Poverty Alleviation Programme of Recent India 122 10. STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMME, NEW ECONOMIC POLICY AND INDIAN POVERTY 132 11. EVALUATION OF POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMME IN SAARC COUNTRIES 141 Introduction 141 Salient Features of the Report of the Independent South Asian Commission 143 Some Observation 243 Change of Methodology 144 An Agenda for Action : A Plan for the Poor 144 Some Lessions 145 Evaluation of Report 147 Evaluation of the Priority Areas of Poverty 152 Some Views 155 Some Policies Ahead ' 157 Conclusion 159 12. WOMEN AND POVERTY 160 13. ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND WOMEN'S POVERTY 167 Environment and Sustainable Development 167 Environment, Women's Poverty and Human Development 170 14. POVERTY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 177 Introduction 177 Theoretical Development 177 A Sustainable Development Working Model for Poverty Alleviation 184 Some Strategies 186 Concluding Remarks 192 Contents be 15. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF POVERTY 198 (a) Ecological Theory of Poverty 200 (b) Eriksonian Theory of Poverty 200 (c) Maslow's Theory of Human Motivation 201 (d) Expectancy Theory 201 (e) Figure and Ground Model 201 (0 Cycle of Deprivation 202 (g) Culture of Poverty 202 (i) Attribution Research 203 (ii) Psychological Concomitants 204 16. POLITICAL ECONOMY OF POVERTY 211 17. POVERTY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 217 Poverty and Human Development 221 Economic Growth and Human Development 226 Reconsideration of Policies 229 18. POVERTY, UNEMPLOYMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH 230 Introduction 230 Poverty and Economic Growth 231 Poverty and Unemployment 234 Future Policies 238 Comments 234 19. POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMME OF IBRD AND IMF IN NEW MILLENNIUM 240 20. NUTRITION, FOOD SECURITY AND POVERTY 247 21. POVERTY, INEQUALITY AND I 22. POVERTY AND G LOBALISATION 267 Introduction 267 Poverty and Inequality 268 GlobaJisation and Poverty 271 GlobaJisation and Faminisation of Poverty 278 Globalisation and Poverty : Case Study in India 279 Conclusion 280 23. POVERTY, WATER SECURITY AND WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 282 Introduction 282 Water Security and Poverty 283 Water Management and Poverty 286 Water Management and Women's Poverty 288 Conclusion 290 24. POVERTY AND WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN SAARC COUNTRIES 291 Introduction 291 Description of Projects 291 The Evaluation of the Projects 292 Conclusion 303 25. TERRORISM AND POVERTY 304 Introduction 304 Concept of Terrorism and Poverty 304 Terrorism and Poverty : Observations 305 Conclusion 308 26. CONCLUSION 309 Annexures 311 Bibliography 324 Index 353