CONTENTS Foreward iii Preface v Acknowledgements vii Table of Contents ix 1 What is Confined Masonry Construction? 1 2 How is Confined Masonry Different from RC Frame Construction? 7 3 Worldwide Applications 11 4 How Confined Masonry Buildings Resist Earthquake Effects. 17 5 Key Factors Influencing Seismic Resistance of Confined Masonry Structures 23 Wall Density 23 Masonry Units and Mortar 24 Tie-Columns 25 Horizontal Wall Reinforcement 25 6 Earthquake Performance of Confined Masonry Construction 29 7 Earthquake-Resistant Confined Masonry Construction: A Guideline 43 Architectural Guideline 43 ConstmctionGuideline 50 8 Concluding Remarks 61 References 63 Appendix A: International Design Codes - Notes on Seismic Provisions Related to Confined Masonry construction 71 Appendix B: An Example Illustrating Wall Density Calculations 81