CONTENTS Introduction 13 The Problems of Earthquake-Resistant Design 15 Function of the Design Criteria 16 The Use of Seismological and Geological Data 19 Earthquake Magnitude 21 Seismological Data 27 Geological Data 31 Seismological and Geological Information Required for Design 35 Earthquake Response of Structures 42 The Capacity of Structures 42 Assessing the Strength of Ground Motion 51 Engineering Design Criteria 58 The Design Spectrum 58 Modifications in the Shape of the Design Spectrum 65 Selection of Damping Values for Design 70 Specifications of Ductility 71 The Use of Accelerograms and Artificial Earthquake Records . 74 The Role of Statistical and Probabilistic Analyses 79 Conservatism and Review Committees. 81 Conclusions 87 Appendix A: Two Case Studies in Reading and Interpreting Earthquake Response 89 Kajima International Building 89 Imperial County Services Building 112 Other Studies of Building Response 118 References 125