CONTENTS Acknowledgments vii Credits viii Introduction : Planning and Urban Design: The Postmodern Crisis in Planning and the Role of Urban Design in Reformulating Planning Practice ix Part I Cultural comparisons 1 1Setting the Scene: Cultural and Professional Comparisons between Planning and Urban Design in Britain and America 3 Synopsis 3 Legal and Political Frameworks in America 3 The British Planning System 10 Comparative Summary 14 Part II History 17 2 The Evolution of the Planning Process and the Changing Role of Urban Design 19 Synopsis 19 Definitions of Urban Design 19 Major Historical Movements in Planning 20 From Modernism to Postmodernism 23 Physical Planning and Urban Design in Context 28 Six Typologies of Planning 31 3 Political Theory, Postmodern Planning and Urban Design 43 Synopsis 43 Theory, Practice and Politics 43 Postmodern Critiques of Planning 51 Master Planning and Urban Design as Public Policy 56 4 Planning, Urban Design and Citizen Power: Community Participation in Planning from 19th Century Anarchist Roots to Today 65 Synopsis 65 Anarchist Origins of Community Development 65 People versus the Planners: Jane Jacobs and the Neighborhood 69 Community-based Architecture and Planning 72 Building Community Trust: Ralph Erskine at Byker 75 Community Planning and Design: Christopher Alexander's Pattern Language 78 Community Power and Urban Design 79 Part III Theory 81 5Codes and Guidelines 83 Synopsis 83 Precedents for Design Regulation 83 The Development of Contemporary Form-based Codes 90 Issues with Form-based Design Codes 93 American Form-based Zoning Ordinances 97 American Pattern Books 115 British Urban Design Guidance 117 6New Urbanism and Neighborhoods 135 Synopsis 135 New Urbanism in Context 135 Dilemmas of New Urbanism 137 Neighborhood Unit Theory 145 Everyday Urbanism 157 Part IV Practice 161 7Urban Design, Public Participation and Planning in Practice 163 Synopsis 163 Design and Community 163 Charrette Principles and Processes 166 A Typical Charrette 171 Charrette Budgets 174 Charrette Products 177 Part V Preamble to Case Studies 183 8Case Study I: Downtown Redevelopment, Huntersville, NC 185 Existing Conditions 185 Executive Summary 187 Design Process - Analysis 188 Design Process - Public Input 192 Design Process - Development Strategies and Projects 194 Development Analysis 206 Implementation Strategies 208 Critical Evaluation of the Case Study 210 9Case Study II: Greenfield Urban Extension, Concord, NC 215 Existing Conditions 215 Executive Summary 218 Design Process - Analysis 220 Design Process - Development Strategies 223 Conceptual Development Projects 227 Implementation Strategies 235 Critical Evaluation of the Case Study 237 Afterword 241 Appendix I Essential Attributes of Form-based Codes 245 References 247 Index 261