CONTENTS Preface v Foreword ix 1. General Considerations 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Advantages of Steel as a Structural Material 3 1.3 Disadvantages of Steel as a Structural Material 3 1.4 Structural Steel 3 1.5 Stress-strain Curve for Mild Steel 4 1.6 Rolled Steel Sections 5 1.7 Loads 8 1.8 Dead Load 9 1.9 Live Loads 9 1.10 Wind Forces 9 1.11 Seismic Forces 79 1.12 Snow Load 25 1.13 Earth Pressure 25 1.14 Water Current Load 25 1.15 Impact Load 25 1.16 Permissible Stresses 26 1.17 Working Stresses 26 1.18 Factor of Safety 26 1.19 Minimum Thickness of Structural Members 27 1.20 Design Methods 27 Solved Examples 28 Exercises 32 2. Simple Connections-Riveted, Bolted and Pinned Connections 34 2.1Introduction 34 2.2 Riveted Connections 34 2.3 Bolted Connections 51 2.4 Pin Connections 56 Solved Examples 58 Exercises 74 3 Simple Connections-Welded Connections 76 3.1Introduction 76 3.2 Types 77 3.4 Welding Process 80 3.5 Weld Defects 81 3.6 Permissible Stresses 82 3.7 Design of Butt Welds 83 3.8 Design of Fillet Welds 84 3.9 Design of Intermittent Fillet Welds 89 3.10 Fillet Welds for Truss Members 90 3.11 Plug and Slot Welds 91 3.12 Failure of Welds 92 3.13 Distortion of Welded Parts 95 3.14 Inspection of Welds 95 3.15 Fillet Weld vs. Butt Weld 95 3.16 Welded Joints vs. Riveted Joints 96 3.17 Selection of Fasteners 96 Solved Examples 97 Exercises 105 4 Compression Members 107 4.1 Introduction 707 4.2 Effective Length 108 4.3 Slenderness Ratio (1) 110 4.4 Column Design Formula 112 4.5 Types of Sections 113 4.6 Buckling 116 4.7 Design of Axially Loaded Compression Members 117 4.8 Built-up Columns (Latticed Columns) 118 4.9 Lacing 127 4.10 Batten 124 4.11 Compression Members Composed of Two Components Back-to-back 126 4.12 Encased Column 127 4.13 Eccentrically Loaded Columns 125 4.14 Splices 155 Solved Examples 139 Exercises 187 5 Column Bases and Footings 189 5.1 Introduction 189 5.2 Types of Column Bases 199 5.3 Slab Base 190 5.4 Gusset Base 194 5.5 Design of Bases for Eccentrically Loaded Columns 196 5.6 Foundation Bolts 799 5.7 Design of Hold-down Angles 200 5.8 Welded Column Bases 205 5.9 Grillage Footing 205 Solved Examples 209 Exercises 223 6 Tension Members 224 6.1Introduction 224 6.2 Types of Tension Members 224 6.3 Permissible Stresses 227 6.4 Slenderness Ratio (1) 227 6.5 Net Sectional Area 228 6.6 Design of a Tension Member 232 6.7 Lug Angles 234 6.8 Splices 235 6.9 Gusset Plate 235 Solved Examples 237 Exercises 252 7 Beams 254 7.1 Introduction 254 7.2 Types of Sections 255 7.3 Lateral Stability of Beams 256 7.4 Bending Stress 258 7.5 Bearing Stress 267 7.6 Shear Stress 267 7.7 Deflection 276 7.8 Web Buckling 277 7.9 Web Crippling 278 7.10 Diagonal Buckling 280 7.11 Design of Laterally Supported Beams 281 7.12 Design of Laterally Unsupported Beams 281 7.13 Built-up Beams (Plated Beams) 283 7.14 Lintels 288 7.15 Purlins 289 7.16 Encased Beam 293 7.17 Beam Bearing Plates 294 7.18 Castellated Beam 295 7.19 Effect of Holes in Beam 297 7.20 Composite Beam and Shear Connectors 297 Solved Examples 301 Exercises 326 8 Gantry Girders 330 8.1Introduction 330 8.2 Loads 332 8.3 Specifications 334 8.4 Design 334 Solved Examples 337 Exercises 348 9 Plate Girder 350 9.1 Introduction 350 9.2 Types of Sections 351 9.3 Elements of Plate Girder 351 9.4 General Considerations 352 9.5 Proportioning of Web 354 9.6 Proportioning of Flanges 357 9.7 Self-weight of Plate Girder 361 9.8 Curtailment of Flange Plates 362 9.9 Connections 365 9.10 Stiffeners 369 9.11 Bearing Stiffener 370 9.12 Intermediate Stiffeners 373 9.13 Web Splices 376 9.14 Flange Angle Splice 383 9.15 Flange Plate Splice 385 9.16 Design Steps of a Plate Girder 385 9.17 Comparison of Welded and Riveted Plate Girders 385 Solved Examples 386 Exercises 408 10. Eccentric Connections 412 10.1 Introduction 412 10.2 Beam-column Connections 413 10.3 Riveted Shear Connections 415 10.4 Welded Shear Connections 424 10.5 Moment Resistant Connections 431 10.6 Semi-rigid Connections 443 Solved Examples 444 Exercises 478 11Industrial Buildings 481 11.1 Introduction 481 11.2 Planning 482 11.3 Structural Framing 482 11.4 Types 483 11.5 Roof and Side Coverings 485 11.6 Elements of an Industrial Building 485 11.7 Purlins 485 11.8 Sag Rods 486 11.9 Principal Rafter 11.10 Roof Trusses 1.11 Gantry Girders 11.12 Brackets 493 11.13 Crane Columns 11.14 Girts 497 11.15 Bracing 498 11.16 Design Steps of Industrial Building 500 Solved Examples 500 Exercises 547 12. Water Tanks 550 12.1 Introduction 550 12.2 Permissible Stresses 550 12.3 Thickness Specifications 557 12.4 Stiffening Angle 557 12.5 Stand-pipe 557 12.6 Elevated Tanks 554 12.7 Circular Tanks 554 12.8 Rectangular Tanks 559 12.9 Pressed Steel Tank 562 12.10 Wind Force 570 12.11 Earthquake Force 577 12.12 Staging 572 Solved Examples 575 Exercises 608 13. Steel Stacks 610 13.1 Introduction 670 13.2 Proportioning of Stack 677 13.3 Constructional Details 677 13.4 Codal Provisions673 13.5 Forces on a Stack 675 13.6 Load Combinations for Self-supporting Steel Stacks 618 13.7 Stresses in Self-supporting Steel Stacks 618 13.8 Design Procedure for Self-supporting Steel Stacks 675 13.9 Guyed Steel Stacks 622 13.10 Pull on Guy Wires 622 13.11 Design Procedure for Guyed Steel Stacks 626 Solved Examples 629 Exercises 643 14. Bridges 644 14.1 Introduction 644 14.2 Components 645 14.3 Types 646 14.4 Choice of the Type of Bridge 657 14.5 The Floor System 652 14.6 End Supports 655 14.7 Truss Girder Bridges 655 14.8 Bracing of Truss Girder Bridges 656 14.9 Plate Girder Bridges 655 14.10 Bracing of Plate Girder Bridges 655 14.11 Loads 659 14.12 Dead Load 659 14.13 Live Load 660 14.14 Impact Load 679 14.15 Wind Force 650 14.16 Seismic Forces 682 14.17 Longitudinal Forces 683 14.18 Racking Forces 683 14.19 Centrifugal Force 683 14.20 Temperature Effects 684 14.21 Secondary Stresses 684 14.22 Design Procedure of Bridges 684 Solved Examples 685 Exercises 704 15. Tubular Structures 706 15.1 Introduction 706 15.2 Classification 706 15.3 Advantages and Disadvantages 707 15.4 Behaviour of Tubular Sections 707 15.5 Minimum Thickness 709 15.6 Combined Stresses 710 15.7 Connections 710 Solved Examples 713 Exercises 715 16. Light-Gauge Steel Construction 716 16.1 Introduction 716 16.2 Shapes 716 16.3 Definitions 718 16.4 Properties of Sections 720 16.5 Local Buckling of Plate Elements 720 16.6 Effective Design Width 724 16.7 Specifications 729 16.8 Basic Allowable Design Stresses 731 16.9 Allowable Compressive Stresses in Unstiffened Elements 757 16.10 Compression Members 733 16.11 Flexural Members 737 Solved Examples 741 Exercises 749 17. Elementary Plastic Analysis and Design 752 17.1 Introduction 752 17.2 Idealized Stress-strain Curve for Mild Steel 752 17.3 Ultimate Load-carrying Capacity of Tension Members 753 17.4 Ultimate Load-carrying Capacity of Compression Members 754 17.5 Flexural Members 755 17.6 Shape Factor 761 17.7 Load Factor 762 17.8 Mechanism 762 17.9 Plastic Collapse 764 17.10 Conditions in Plastic Analysis 764 17.11 Principle of Virtual Work 765 17.12 Theorems of Plastic Analysis 765 17.13 Methods of Analysis 766 17.14 Cancellation of Hinge in the Combined Mechanism (Beam + Sway) 767 17.15 Design 765 17.16 Scope of Plastic Analysis 768 17.17 Limitations of Plastic Analysis 769 17.18 Plastic Design vs. Elastic Design 770 Solved Examples 774 Exercises 804 18. Introduction to Limit State Design 808 18.1 Introduction 808 18.2 Basis for Design 808 18.3 Limit States 809 18.4 Actions (Loads) 810 - 18.5 Design Criteria 811 18.6 Limit States of Strength 813 18.7 Limit States of Serviceability 815 18.8 Method of Determining Action Effects 818 Summary 819 Appendices 820 I Abbreviations820 II Unit Weight of Building Materials820 III Live Loads821 IV Wind Map of India823 V Response Spectra for Rocks and Soil Sites for 5% Damping (IS: 1893-2002) 823 VI Permissible Bearing Pressures on Subsoils824 VII Stress Area of Bolts824 VIII Shear Centre824 IX External Pressure Coefficients (Cpe)for Roofs of Rectangular Clad Buildings825 X External Pressure Coefficients (Cpe) for Walls of Rectangular Buildings 826 XI Average Acceleration Spectra (IS: 1893-1984)827 XII Sizes and Properties of Steel Tubes for Structural Purposes828 XIII Shape Factor F831 XIV Load Factor F831 List of Symbols 832 Index 835