TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT i
UNDERTAKING iii
CERTIFICATE v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii
ABBREVIATIONS ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS xi
LIST OF FIGURES xiv
LIST OF TABLES xvii
LIST OF APPENDIX xix
CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Embodied carbon and energy in construction material 2
1.3 Embodied carbon and Operational carbon in buildings 2
1.4 Contribution of Cement and Steel in the construction industry 3
1.5 Gap in the Current Policy Landscape 3
1.6 Seismic Zones Consideration in India 4
1.7 Seismic design consideration 4
CHAPTER-2: Literature Review 7
2.1 What is LCA 7
2.2 LCA calculation 8
2.3 LCA in residential buildings 9
2.4 Embodied carbon & energy analysis for residential buildings 11
2.5 Percentage variation of Steel and concrete in different seismic zones of India 11
2.6 Energy consumption in cement and steel manufacturing 12
2.7 Energy consumption in transportation of building materials 13
CHAPTER-3: Research methodology 15
3.1 Aim 15
3.2 Research Question 15
3.3 Research Objective 15
3.4 Seismic design loads considerations 15
3.5 Building for study and rationale for selection: 18
3.6 Scope and limitation of the study 20
3.6.1 Geographical location considered : 20
3.6.2 Design calculation for varying Seismic zone 20
3.6.3 Materials and components under study 21
3.6.4 Process considered for study 21
3.7 Structural quantities estimation 21
3.7.1 Lifecycle Assessment 22
3.7.2 Goal and Scope definition 22
3.7.3 Inventory Analysis 24
3.7.4 Impact Assessment 30
CHAPTER-4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 33
4.1 Component-wise breakup of concrete and steel quantities 33
4.2 Embodied carbon and energy quantification 34
4.2.1 Concrete 34
4.2.2 Steel 38
4.3 Correlation established through regression method 40
4.4 Verification through Pearson correlation coefficient formula 44
CHAPTER-5: CONCLUSIONS 47
CHAPTER-6: Comments 49
REFERENCES 51
APPENDIX: 53
APPENDIX 2 – Pearson Coefficient 75
APPENDIX 3 – Transportation Calculation 77