Table of Contents
Table of Contents xiii
List of Figures xvii
List of Tables xix
List of Annexures xxi
List of Abbreviations xxiii
1. Introduction 25
1.1. Understanding Wastewater Rights for its Use 28
1.1.1. Understanding Wastewater 28
1.2. Linking Territory and Water-Wastewater Flow: Defining Sewer-Command ...... 29
1.2.1. Market-Based Water and Wastewater Use 31
1.2.2. Recognising Nutrients in Wastewater Rights 32
1.3. Understanding Technicalities of Wastewater and its Use 33
1.3.1. Circular and Metabolic Processes of Water and Wastewater 33
1.3.2. Potential Recoveries from Wastewater 34
1.3.3. On-Site and Off-Site Disposal of Wastewater 35
1.3.4. Typology of Wastewater Use 36
1.4. Overview of the Dissertation 37
2. Literature Overview 39
2.1 Deriving Literature from Keywords 39
2.2 Wastewater 39
2.2.1 Material Characteristics 39
2.2.2 Social Construct 41
2.2.3 Public and Environmental Health Impacts 42
2.2.4 Treatment 48
2.2.5 Circular Economy 50
2.3 Rights and Claims 53
2.3.1 Bundle of Property Rights 55
2.3.2 Theory of Access 57
2.3.3 Formal Rules and Informal Practices 58
2.3.4 Right to the City 59
2.4 Institutions 63
2.4.1 New Institutional Economics 63
2.5 Urban and Regional Studies 66
2.5.1 Political Ecology 66
2.5.2 Urban Metabolism 68
2.6 Emerging Notions and Conceptual or Operational Gaps 70
2.7 Synthesis 73
3. Research Questions, Analytical Framework, and Method 79
3.1 Research Questions 79
3.2 Scope 81
3.3 Analytical Frameworks 82
3.3.1 Institutions and Organisations 84
3.3.2 Urban-Rural Water Metabolism 85
3.3.3 Hinterland’s Right to the City 87
3.3.4 Bundle of Rights and Claims 89
3.4 Method 94
3.4.1 Orientation and Position 95
3.4.2 Instrumental Case Study Approach 97
3.4.3 Mixed Methods 98
3.4.4 Demarking Study-Site (Sewer-command) and the Data Collection 99
3.4.5 Flow- Chart for Method 108
3.4.6 Validity and Reliability 109
3.4.7 Limitation and Challenges in Data Collection 111
4. Institutions Associated with Wastewater Use in India 113
4.1 Institutional Setting for Wastewater Use in India 113
4.2 Institutional Entities 115
4.2.1 International 116
4.2.2 Union Government 116
4.2.3 State Government 117
4.2.4 Local Government 118
4.2.5 Private Sector 119
4.3 Instruments 120
4.3.1 International 121
4.3.2 Union Government 128
4.3.3 State Government 144
4.3.4 Local Government 151
4.3.5 Synthesis – Gaps in Institutions 152
5. Urban-Rural Water Metabolism of Rajkot 155
5.1 Rajkot: City and Regional Profile 155
5.1.1 Location and Administrative Boundaries 155
5.1.2 History 156
5.1.3 Population and Spatial Growth 157
5.1.4 Economy 159
5.1.5 Land Use 161
5.1.6 Soil 162
5.1.7 Climate and Rainfall 162
5.1.8 Water Resources 164
5.2 Local Institutional Entities 167
5.2.1 Urban 168
5.2.2 Rural 172
5.3 Rajkot’s Urban-Rural Water Metabolism 173
5.3.1 Water Supply 174
5.3.2 Sanitation 178
5.3.3 Delineating the Sewer-Command 181
5.3.4 Wastewater Reuse 187
5.4 Synthesis 192
5.4.1 Right to the City and Production of Space in the Context of Wastewater 196
5.4.2 Sewershed and Sewer-command as a Lived Space 198
5.4.3 Integrating Bundle of Rights and Right to the City 200
6. Wastewater Rights and Claims in Rajkot 201
6.1 Bundle of Rights and Claims Framework Applied to Wastewater from Rajkot 201
6.2 Authoritative Rights 214
6.2.1 Allocation Rights 215
6.2.2 Regulation Rights 221
6.3 Executive Rights 226
6.3.1 Development and Management Rights 229
6.3.2 Monitoring Rights 235
6.3.3 Transaction Rights 237
6.4 Use Rights 241
6.5 Claim-Making 252
6.6 Informal Use 255
6.7 Synthesis – Gaps in Instruments 259
6.7.1 Right to the City and Bundle of Property Rights 263
6.7.2 Dynamic Rights 266
7. Discussion and Conclusions 269
7.1 State and User’s Perspective on Wastewater 269
7.1.1 Seeing like a State 270
7.1.2 Seeing like a User 271
7.2 Beyond Property Rights, Towards Usufructuary Rights 273
7.3 Concluding Research Findings 277
7.4 Potential Contribution of Framework in Waste and Resource Studies 281
7.5 Potential Contribution in Changing Status Quo 282
Annexures i
References lxxxvii