Contents
VOLUME II
Acknowledgements IX
PART4
The built and social environments and health in cities 1
23 Cities and population health 3
SANDRO GALEA, NICHOLAS FREUDENBERG AND DAVID VLAHOV
24 Investigating neighborhood and area effects on health 32
ANA V. DI EZ ROUX
25 Place effects on health: how can we conceptualise, operationalise and measure them? 47
SALLY MACINTYRE, ANNE ELLAWAY AND STEVEN CUM MINS
26 Neighborhood characteristics associated with the location of food stores and food service places 72
KIMBERLY MORLAND , STEVE WING , ANA DIEZ ROUX AND CHARLES POOLE
27 Many pathways from land use to health: associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation, body mass index, and air quality 86
LAW RENCE D. FRANK, JAMES F. SALLIS , TERRY L. CONWAY, JAMES E. CHAPMAN , BR IAN E. SAELENS, AND WILLIAM BACHMAN
28 'Getting sicker quicker': does living in a more deprived neighbourhood mean your health deteriorates faster? 107
ANNE ELLAWAY, MICHAELA BENZEVAL, MICHAEL GREEN, ALASTAIR LEYLAND AND SALLY
MAC INTYRE
PART 5
Beyond the built environment: healthy places 123
29 The right answer for the wrong question: consequences of type III error for public health research 125
SHARON SC HWARTZ AND KENNETH M. CARPENTER
30 Understanding and representing 'place' in health research: a relational approach 137
STEVEN CU MMI NS , SARAH CURTIS , ANA V. DIEZ- ROUX AND SALLY MACINTYRE
31 Community-based participatory research: a promising approach for increasing Epidemiology's relevance in the 21st century 158
MARGARET W LEUNG , IRENE H YEN, AND MEREDITH MINKLER
32 Race, place, and vulnerability: urban neighborhoods and the ecology of support 174
ERIC KL INEN BERG
33 Culture sits in places: reflections on globalism and ubaltern strategies of localization 222
ARTURO ESCOBAR
34 Addressing the social and environmental determinants of urban health equity: evidence for
action and a research agenda 260
HARON FRIEL, MARCO AKERMAN, TREVOR HANCOCK, JACOB KUMARESAN , MICHAEL MARMOT, THOMAS MELIN, DAVID VLAHOV, AND GRNUHE MEMBERS
Part 6 Toxic stress, discrimination and healthy cities 277
35 To denigrate, ignore, or disrupt: racial inequality in health and the impact of a policy-induced breakdown of African American communities 279
ARLINE T. GERONIMUS AND J. PHILLIP THOMPSON
36 Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain 318
BRUCE S. MCEWEN
37 The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress 376
JACK P. SHONKOFF, ANDREWS. GARNER, AND THE COMMITTEE ON PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF CHILD AND FAMILY HEALTH, COMMITTEE ON EARLY CHILDHOOD, ADOPTION, AND DEPENDENT CARE, AND SECTION ON DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS
38 Discrimination and the stress response: psychological and physiological consequences of anticipating prejudice in interethnic interactions 402
PAMELA J. SAWYER, BRENDA MAJOR, BETTINA J. CASAD, RAH S.M. TOWNSEND, AND WENDY BERRY MENDES
39 A life course perspective on how racism may be related to health inequities 417
GILBERT C. GEE , KATRINA M. WALSEMANN AND ELIZABETH BRONDOLO