Contents
Preamble vii
Foreword ix
Preface to the second edition xi
Preface to the first edition xiii
Acknowledgements xix
Copyright permissions xxi
1. Introduction 1
Definition
History of development of bridges
Classification of bridges
Planning for a bridge
Different stages of planning
Preliminary/conceptual design
Detailed design
Summary
Annexure 1.1 Some Notable Bridge Links in the World 24
Annexure 1.2 Illustrations of some Notable Bridges 25
2. Investigation for bridges and culverts 35
Investigation for culverts and minor bridges
Topographic details
Catchments area map
Hydrologic particulars
Geo-technical details
Seismology of the area
Navigational requirements
Construction resources
Particulars of nearest bridges
Traffic forecast
Report and drawing
Summary
References
3. Investigations for important bridges 61
Factors for choice of ideal site
Techno-economic feasibility (or preliminary) study
Project report stage
Drawings to accompany the project report
Project report
Summary
References
Annexure 3.1 Details for Model Studies Required for sitting a Bridge Across a Major and Important River
4. Design flood discharge for bridges 76
Introduction
Contribution factors
Methods of determination of design flood
Unit hydrograph method
Choice of method
Foundation design discharge
Summary
References
Annexure 4.1 Selected Flood Formulae Evolved Around the World
Annexure 4.2 Heaviest Rainfall in One Hour at Various Important Rain Gauge Station in India
Annexure 4.3 Values of Rugosity Coefficient n for Open Channels with Other than Coarse Bed Material
Annexure 4.4 Case Study – Design Flood by Unit Hydrograph Method
5. Linear waterway of bridges 108
General
Scour and depth of flow
Afflux
Calculation of waterway
Summary
References
6. Choice of foundation for piers and abutments 132
Types of bridge foundations
Cost ratio
Clearance
Choice of foundation
Open foundation
Pile foundation
Well foundation
Block foundations
Summary
References
7. Types of bridges and loading standards 146
Classification of culverts and bridges
Components of bridge structures
Need for loading standards
Loading requirements
Railway loading standards
Road bridge loadings
Some comments
Summary
References
8. Setting out for piers and abutments 202
General
Aim
Setting out for minor bridges and culverts
Setting out single span bridge
Setting out multispan bridge
Setting out for major/important bridges
Summary
References
Annexure 8.1 Fixing Towers and Base Line Measurement for Brahmaputra Bridge by Survey of India
9. Open foundation 215
Open or shallow foundations
Open excavation in dry condition
Foundation below subsoil water
Baling out water
Cofferdams for deeper foundations
Floating caisson process
Structural forms
Design consideration
individual footing
Design procedure and example
Raft foundation
Summary
References
10. Pile foundations 236
General
Spacing of piles
Material for construction
Soil friction factors
Precast driven piles
Design of pile foundation
Load tests
Strength of group piles
Lateral resistance of piles
Factor of safety
Construction. Driven piles versus cast-in-situ piles
Large diameter bored cast-in-situ piles
Construction of bored piles
Structural design of pile foundation
Summary
References
11. Well foundation 302
Types of wells
Caissons
Design of wells
Sinking effort
Material for steining
Design of curb and cutting edge
Construction
Sinking of wells
Some problems of open sinking
Use of divers for sinking
Pneumatic sinking
Working of pneumatic equipment
Rate of sinking
Bottom plug
Sand filling
Top plug and well cap
Summary
References
12. Well foundations 366
case studies
Design for a railway bridge
Construction problems
Formation of island in very deep channel: road-cum-river bridge across river godavari at4 rajahmundry
Sinking through rock using divers
Pneumatic sinking
Case studies on 'tilting' corrections
Combined foundations
Summary
References
13. Piers and abutments 398
Function
Aesthetics
Materials of construction
Piers and abutments
Wing walls
Construction problems
Summary
References
Annexure 13.1 Design of Pier
14. Superstructure 412
design aspects
Historical development
Types of bridges
Choice of materials
Design principles
Design procedure for bridge superstructure
Composite construction
Box girders
Continuous span girders
References
15. Superstructure-Construction 500
construction
Dependent factors
Arch and slab bridges
Steel girder bridges
Site erection methods
Suspension bridges
Cable stayed bridges9
Bearings
Case studies
Summary
References
Annexure 15.1 Rules for Prestressing Open Web Girder Spans
Annexure 15.2 Longest Suspension Bridges
Annexure 15.3. Long Cable Stayed Bridges
16. Inspection of bridges 543
General
Necessity for inspection of bridges
Inspection procedures in various countries
Procedure for inspection
Aspects of inspection
Testing of bridges
Criteria for assessment of safe load capacity
Aids for bridge inspection and maintenance
Summary
References
17. Maintenance of bridges 570
substructure
Foundation
Substructure
Repairs to leaning masonry
Maintenance of arch superstructure
Repairs to the concrete substructure
Summary
References
18. Maintenance of superstructure 582
girders
General
Steel
Oiling and greasing of bearings
Cracks in steel work
Buckling and bending in members
Loss of camber
Repairs to steel structures
Concrete girders
Summary
References
Annexure 18.1 Metallishing Specification and Equipment Needed
19. Rebuilding of bridges 594
Why rebuild bridges
Replacement
Rebuilding of pier tops
Replacement of girders (regirdering)
Preliminary work
Modus operandi of various methods
Girder renewal with cranes
Renewal of girders with gantries
Enveloping method
Floatation method
Rebuilding over diversion
Construction without temporary arrangements
Summary
References
20. Construction management 617
General
Planning requirements
Stages of execution
Planning and control techniques
Repairs and rebuilding bridges
Monitoring and updating
Summary
References
Annexure 20.1 Typical problems arising during project control
21. Grade separators 635
Planning
Layouts for interchanges
Detailed scheme preparation
Design of the structure
Summary
References
Annexure 21.1 Some example of Special Design Grade Separators
22. River training and protection works 658
Introduction
Protection works for bridges with reduced waterway
Design of guide bund
a review
Armouring of side slopes of guide bunds
Apron protection
Summary
References
23. Abbreviations, notations and bibliography 680
Abbreviations
Notations
Additional references
A. Appendix a: design flood estimation by frequency method 687
B. Appendix b: design flood by unit hydrograph method-field application 691
C. Appendix c: calculations for load distribution for concrete girders 702
D. Appendix d: illustration of a box girder design 730
E. Appendix e: miscellaneous data and tables for design 737
Index