Table of contents
Undertaking i
Certificate iii
Acknowledgments v
Abstract vii
Table of contents xi
List of abbreviations xv
List of figures xvii
List of tables xxiii
1 Humanitarian Crisis – A Synopsis 1
1.1 Preface to Humanitarian Crisis and Significance of WASH 1
1.2 Global Humanitarian Crises: A Recent Timeline 3
1.3 The Significance and Characteristics of Refugee Camps in Humanitarian
Crisis and Role of WASH 12
1.4 The Rohingya Refugee Camps in Ukhiya, Cox’s Bazar and WASH Situation 14
1.5 Need for the Study 15
1.6 Aim and Objectives of the Study 16
1.6.1 Aim 16
1.6.2 Objectives 16
1.6.3 Scope 16
1.6.4 Limitations 17
2 Research Design 19
2.1 Research Methodology 19
3 Assessment Framework for Water Supply Services inside Refugee Camps 23
3.1 Synopsis of Water Supply in Refugee Camps Across the World 23
3.2 Genesis of the Framework 25
3.3 Key Components of the Framework 26
3.4 Detail Discussion on the Components of the Framework 27
3.4.1 Water Supply Quantity 27
3.4.2 Access to Water Supply 28
3.4.3 Source Sustainability 29
4 Documenting Water Supply Services in The Rohingya Refugee Camps in
Ukhiya, Cox’s Bazar 31
4.1 Contextual Landscape 31
4.2 Genesis of Refugee Camp Development in Bangladesh 33
4.3 The Study Area 35
4.4 Overview of the General WASH in the Study Area 37
4.5 Documenting Water Supply Services 43
4.5.1 Source (S) 44
4.5.2 Intake (I) 48
4.5.3 Abstraction (A) 53
4.5.4 Treatment (T) 55
4.5.5 Distribution/Transport (D) 57
4.5.6 Water Supply Quantity 64
4.5.7 Water Supply Quality 66
4.5.8 Usage of Water 67
4.5.9 Wastewater Disposal 68
5 Analyzing the Water Supply Services in The Rohingya Refugee Camps in
Ukhiya, Cox’s Bazar 69
5.1 Analysis through the Developed Water Supply Services Framework and On
Ground Scenarios 69
5.1.1 Water Supply Quantity 69
5.1.2 Access to Water Supply 78
5.1.3 Water Source Sustainability 96
5.2 Co-Creation of the Water Supply Services Framework 102
5.2.1 Water Supply Quantity 102
5.2.2 Access to Water Supply 102
5.2.3 Water Source Sustainability 103
5.3 Components of the Co-Created Water Supply Services Framework 103
6 Discussions on the Water Supply Services in The Rohingya Refugee Camps in
Ukhiya, Cox’s Bazar 105
References xxvi
Appendix 1: Expert Interviews (EIs) c
Appendix 2: Key Informants Interviews (KIIs) cii
Appendix 3: Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) with the Beneficiaries cxiv
Appendix 4: Permission Letter for the Study from RRRC, Govt. of Bangladesh . cxxii