Contents
State-of-the-Art Report ix
Preface xi
List of Symbols and Abbreviations xiii
List of Figures xv
List of Tables xix
Introduction 1
References 3
1 Stress Waves 5
Bohumjl Kasal, Gretchen Lear, and Thomas Tannert
1.1 Background 5
1.2 Equipment 7
1.2. 1 Sounding 7
1.2.2 Sonic Stress Waves 7
1.2.3 Ultrasonic Technique 10
1.2.4 Ultrasonic Echo Technique 11
1.3 Application 14
1.3.1 Defect and Deterioration Detection 14
1.3.2 Mechanical Properties 18
1.4 Limitations 19
1.4.1 Deterioration and Decay Detection 21
1.4.2 Mechanical Property Prediction 21
References 22
2 Ground Penetrating Radar 25
Mehdi Sbartai
2.1 Background 25
2.1.1 Dielectric Permittivity of Wood 27
2.2 Equipment 29
2.3 Applications 32
2.3.1 Detection 33
2.3.2 Moisture Evaluation 34
2.4 Limitations 35
References 36
3 Radiography 39
Bohumil Kasal, Gretchen Lear and Ron Anthony
3.1 Background 39
3.2 Equipment 40
3.2.1 Technology 40
3.2.2 Gamma Rays 41
3.2.3 X-Rays 41
3.2.4 Radiation Attenuation 42
3.2.5 Imaging 44
3.3 Application 47
3.4 Limitations 48
References 49
4 Resistance Drilling 51
Gretchen Lear, Bohumil Kasal and Ron Anthony
4.1 Background 51
4.2 Equipment 52
4.3 Application 53
4.4 Limitations 56
References 57
5 Core-Drilling 59
Bohumil Kasal
5.1 Background 59
5.2 Equipment 60
5.3 Application 61
5.4 Limitations 64
References 65
6 Shear Test of Glue Lines 67
Thomas Tannert
6.1 Background 67
6.2 Equipment 67
6.3 Application 69
6.3.1 Determination of Percentage Wood Failure 70
6.4 Limitations 70
References 72
7 Tension Micro-Specimens 75
Bohumil Kasal
7.1 Background 75
7.2 Equipment 76
7.3 Application 77
7.4 Limitations 78
References 80
8 Screw Resistance 81
Nobuyoshi Yamaguchi
8.1 Background 81
8.2 Equipment 82
8.3 Application 82
8.3.1 Strength Estimate from Screw Withdrawal Test 82
8.3.2 Strength Estimate from Screw Withdrawals and Velocity of Stress Wave 83
8.3.3 Screw Withdrawals and Angles of Entry 83
8.3.4 Screw Withdrawals and Compression Capacity 83
8.3.5 Densities from Screw Withdrawals 84
8.3.6 Stiffness Estimate from Screw Withdrawals and Velocity of Stress Wave 85
8.3.7 Summary 85
8.4 Limitations 85
References 86
9 Hardness Test 87
Mariapaola Riggio and Maurizio Piazza
9.1 Background 87
9.2 Equipment and Application 88
9.2.1 Janka Hardness Test 89
References 96
10 Moisture Measurement 99
Bohumil Kasal and Gretchen Lear
10.1 Background 99
10.2 Equipment 100
10.2.1 Pin Meters 100
10.2.2 Pin-less Meters 101
10.3 Application 102
10.4 Limitations 103
References 103
11 Species Identification 105
Nicola Macchioni
11.1 Equipment 105
11.1.1 Macroscopic Evaluation 106
11. 1.2 Microscopic Evaluations 106
11.2 Application 107
11 .3 Limitations 107
References 107
12 Dendrochronology 109
Olivia Pignatelli
12.1 Background 109
12.2 Equipment 110
12.3 Application 111
12.3.1 Wood Species Identification 111
12.4 Limitations 112
References 114
13 Review of Codes and Standards 115
Nicola Macchioni, Clara Bertolini and Thomas Tannert
13 .1 Codes and Standards 115
13.1 .1 International Standards 115
13.1.2 National Standards 116
13.2 Description of the Existing Conditions 118
13.2.1 Diagnosis of the Structural Elements 118
13.2.2 Objectives of the Inspection 119
13.2.3 Inspection Procedure 119
13.2.4 Inspection Report 120
References 120
Key Words Index 123