Contents
List of examples x
List of case studies xv
Preface to the second edition xvii
Acknowledgements xix
Introduction xxi
1 Thermal comfort and assessment 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Heat energy and temperature 2
1.3 Thermometry 3
1.4 Types of thermometer 4
1.5 Heat loss from the human body 5
1.6 Physiological responses 10
1. 7 Thermal assessment 11
1.8 Thermal comfort criteria 17
1.9 Temperature profiles 24
1.10 Chapter closure 25
2 Heat conduction 26
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Heat conduction at right angles to the surface 27
2.3 Surf ace conductance 31
2.4 Heat conduction in ground floors 36
2.5 Heat conduction in suspended ground floors 38
2.6 Thermal bridging and non-standard U values 41
2.7 Non-standard U values, multi-webbed bridges 43
2.8 Radial conductive heat flow 46
2.9 Chapter closure 53
3 Heat convection 54
3.1 Introduction 54
3.2 Rational formulae for free and forced heat convection 57
3.3 Temperature definitions 59
3.4 Convective heat output from a panel radiator 61
3.5 Heat output from a freely suspended pipe coil 63
3.6 Heat transfer from a tube in a condensing secondary fluid 64
3.7 Cooling flux from a chilled ceiling 66
3.8 Heat flux off a floor surface from an embedded pipe coil 68
3.9 Heat transfer notes 70
3.10 Chapter closure 71
4 Heat radiation 72
4.1 Introduction 73
4.2 Surface characteristics 73
4.3 The greenhouse effect 76
4.4 Spectral wave forms 76
4.5 Monochromatic heat radiation 77
4.6 Laws of black body radiation 78
4.7 Laws of grey body radiation 80
4.8 Radiation exchange between a grey body and a grey enclosure 81
4.9 Heat transfer coefficients for black and grey body radiation 82
4.10 Heat radiation flux I 83
4.11 Problem solving 84
4.12 Asymmetric heat radiation 96
4.13 Historical references 97
4.14 Chapter closure 97
5 Measurement of fluid flow 98
5.1 Introduction 98
5.2 Flow characteristics 99
5.3 Conservation of energy in a moving fluid 100
5.4 Measurement of gauge pressure with an uncalibrated manometer 101
5.5 Measurement of pressure difference with an uncalibrated differential manometer 102
5.6 Measurement of flow rate using a venturi meter and orifice plate 104
5.7 Measurement of air flow using a pitot static tube 111
5.8 Chapter closure 114
6 Characteristics of laminar and turbulent flow 115
6.1 Introduction 115
6.2 Laminar flow 116
6.3 Turbulent flow 119
6.4 Boundary layer theory 121
6.5 Characteristics of the straight pipe or duct 125
6.6 Determination of the frictional coefficient in turbulent flow 126
6.7 Solving problems 127
6.8 Chapter closure 135
7 Mass transfer of fluids in pipes, ducts and channels 136
7.1 Introduction 137
7.2 Solutions to problems in frictionless flow 137
7.3 Frictional flow in flooded pipes and ducts 144
7.4 Semi-graphical solutions to frictional flow in pipes and ducts 160
7.5 Gravitational flow in flooded pipes 162
7.6 Gravitational flow in partially flooded pipes and channels 170
7.7 Alternative rational formulae for partial flow 176
7.8 Flow of natural gas in pipes 180
7.9 Flow of compressed air in pipes 181
7.10 Vacuum pipe sizing 183
7.11 Chapter closure 184
8 Natural ventilation in buildings 185
8.1 Introduction 186
8.2 Aerodynamics around a building 186
8.3 Effects on cross-ventilation from the wind 191
8.4 The stack effect 194
8.5 Natural ventilation to internal spaces with openings in one wall only 198
8.6 Ventilation for cooling purposes 200
8.7 Fan assisted ventilation 205
8.8 Further reading 206
8.9 Chapter closure 206
9 Regimes of fluid flow in heat exchangers 207
9.1 Introduction 208
9.2 Parallel flow and counter-flow heat exchangers 209
9.3 Heat transfer equations 212
9.4 Heat exchanger performance 219
9.5 Cross flow 225
9.6 Further examples 228
9.7 Chapter closure 232
Appendix 1: verifying the form of an equation by dimensional analysis 233
AI.1 Introduction 233
AI.2 Dimensions in use 234
AI.3 Appendix closure 238
Appendix 2: solving problems by dimensional analysis 239
A2.1 Introduction 240
A2.2 Establishing the form of an equation 240
A2.3 Dimensional analysis in experimental work 243
A2A Examples in dimensional analysis 244
A2.5 Appendix closure 262
Appendix 3: renewable energy systems 263
A3.1 Introduction 263
A3.2 Wind turbines 264
A3.3 Hydro power 267
A3.4 Marine turbines 275
A3.5 Solar irradiation and the solar constant 277
A3.6 Photovoltaics 281
A3.7 Biomass 282
A3.8 Combined heat and power 285
A3.9 Fuel cell CHP 287
A3.10 References and further reading 289
A3.11 Appendix closure 290
Appendix 4: towards sustainable building engineering 291
A4.1 Introduction 291
A4.2 Thermodynamics and sustainability 292
A4.3 The laws of thermodynamics 294
A4.4 Power supplies 297
A4.5 Products and systems 297
A4.6 The building footprint 300
A4.7 Scenarios for building services 300
A4.8 Further reading 302
A4.9 Appendix closure 303
Bibliography 304
Index 305