Content
Preface ix
Foreword xi
Acknowledgments xii
PART I: Conserving History in Changing Contexts 1
Chapter 1: Introduction 3
Inevitable Change 5
Globalization and Cultural Heritage Conservation 9
Cultural Sensibility 13
Chapter 2: What Is Architectural Conservation? 21
Origins and Concerns of Architectural Conservation 25
Chapter 3: What Do We Conserve? 33
Determining Significance and Value 34
Types of Value or Significance 37
Associative Values: Historic and Commemorative 42
Chapter 4: Why Conserve Buildings and Sites? 51
To Save the Prototype 54
Historical, Religious, and National Respect 56
Aesthetic Appreciation 57
Romanticism and Nostalgia 57
Shortcomings in Modern Architecture and Planning 58
Practicality 60
Tourism 60
Chapter 5: Who Owns the Past? 65
A Heritage of Universal Importance 66
Chapter 6: History, Historiography, and Architectural Conservation 71
History and the Passage of Time: Facts, Values, and Notions of History 71
Viewing Time Through the Lens of History 72
Perceptions of Time 73
Perceptions of History 74
Historiography Until Its Professionalization 75
Historical Method and the Elusive Ideal of Accuracy 77
Antiquarianism: Putting the Past on a Pedestal 78
Archaeology as a Path to Historical Certainty 80
History and Heritage Conservation 86
PART II: Problems, Principles, and Process 91
Chapter 7: Perils to Built Heritage 93
An Evolution of Awareness 93
The Destructive Actions of Time and Nature 95
Destructive Actions of Humans 98
Cultural Bias 108
Risk Preparedness and Response 115
Chapter 8: Options for Involvement 121
Levels of Participation 123
Degrees of Intervention 125
Chapter 9: Principles, Charters, and Ethics 131
Philosophical Approaches 132
Legislation 133
Codification of Principles and Doctrine 135
Five Influential Architectural Conservation Charters and Documents 136
Ethics and Professionalism 140
Chapter 10: The Conservation Process 145
Chapter 11: Participants in Architectural Conservation 149
Structure of the Field 151
The Architectural Conservation Professional Defined 152
PART Ill: Conservation of the Built Environment: An Enduring Concern 155
Chapter 12: Prehistory Through the Fourteenth Century 157
An Instinct to Preserve? 157
Prehistoric Through Hellenistic Times 159
Reuse and Preservation in Ancient Rome 166
The Middle Ages in Europe 172
Chapter 13: Fifteenth Through the Eighteenth Centuries 183
The Renaissance, 1300 to 1600 183
The Baroque Period Through the Enlightenment, 1600 to 1780 192
Chapter 14: The Forging of a Discipline: The Late Eighteenth to Early Twentieth Centuries 203
Italy 206
France 211
Great Britain 218
The German States and Austria 226
PART IV: Contemporary Architectural Conservation Practice 239
Chapter 15: International Activities and Cooperation 241
Contemporary International Architectural Conservation Practice-Origins 242
International Agencies and Frameworks 252
Other Regional and International Organizations 256
European Heritage Conservation Principles Abroad: Action and Reaction 260
International Training in Architectural Conservation 272
Chapter 16: A Multidimensional Field for the Twenty-First Century 279
Chapter 17: A Summary Global Tour of Contemporary Practice: Challenges and Solutions 285
Europe 286
North Africa and Western Asia 300
Sub-Saharan Africa 309
Central and South Asia 316
East and Southeast Asia 324
Austro-Pacific Region 334
North America 341
Latin America and the Caribbean 349
The Polar Regions 358
Chapter 18: The Past in the Future 367
Meeting the Challenge and Beyond 367
Going Forward 370
Appendix A: Nomenclature Used in International Architectural Conservation Practice 375
Appendix B: Organizations and Resources Relating to International Architectural Conservation 391
Appendix C: International and Regional Conventions, Charters, and Recommendations 401
Appendix D: Annotated Bibliography of One Hundred Selected Titles 405
Photo Credits 417
Index 423