Contents
Preface Introduction
Chapter 1. Production of building lime 1
1.1. Sources of Lime
1.1.1. Limestone
1.1.2. Marl or Marlstone
1.1.3. Seashell
1.1.4. Chalk
1.1.5. Kankar Lime
1.2. Production of Building lime
1.2.1. Calcination of pure limesone
1.2.2. Calcination of limestone with clay impurities
1.2.3. Calcination of limestone with magnesium impurities
1.3. Lime Kilns
1.3.1. Lime Kilns at Jaipur
1.3.2. Shell lime kilns, Sunambukalva, Chennai
Chapter 2. Classification of building lime 9
2.1. Non Hydraulic Lime(NHL)
2.1.1. Chemical properties
2.1.2. Types of Non-Hydraulic lime
2.2. Hydraulic Lime
2.2.1. Classification of hydraulic lime
2.2.2. Chemical properties
2.2.3. Hydraulicity factors
Chapter 3. Lime mortars 17
3.1. Classification of Lime Mortar
3.1.1. Classification based on type of lime
3.1.2. Classification based on function
3.2. Ingredients o Lime Mortar
3.2.1. Binding Material
3.2.2. Aggregates
3.2.3. Organic additives
3.2.4. Pozzolanic additives
3.3. Method of Preparing Lime Mortar
3.3.1. Techniques for lime mortar preparation
3.4. Storage of Lime Mortar
3.5. Mixing of Lime mortar before application
3.6. Lime Mortars after application
3.7. Properties of Lime Mortars
3.7.1. Workability
3.7.2. Permeability and open pore structure
3.7.3. Durability and resistance to salt crystallization and frost
3.7.4. Flexibility of soft mortars
3.7.5. Thermal insulation
3.7.6. Auto healing
3.7.7. Environmental considerations
3.8. Comparitive analysis of Lime mortars and Cement mortars
Chapter 4. Existing Lime techniques used for conservation 45
4.1. Lime plastering
4.1.1. How to decide on the number of lime plastering layers for historic works
4.1.2. Composition of lime mortar
4.1.3. Process of lime plastering
4.1.4. Techniques for applying plaster
4.1.5. Layers of plaster works
4.1.6. Good practices for lime plastering
4.2. Lime Araish
4.3. Chettinad plaster works
4.4. Lime wash
4.4.1. Plain lime wash
4.4.2. Lime wash with organic additives
4.5. Lime concreting
4.5.1. Method of mixing lime concrete mix
4.5.2. Surface preparation
4.5.3. Laying lime concrete
4.5.4. Compaction
4.5.5. Curing
4.6. Grouting
4.6.1. Preparation of grout mix
4.6.2. Technique of grouting
Chapter 5. Defects in lime works 71
5.1. Salt deterioration
5.2. Flaking of the plaster works
5.3. Shrinkage cracks
5.4. Lime crust
5.5. Inappropriate specifications of lime based materials for conservation
5.5.1. Lime mortar with Surkhi
5.5.2. Pointing with hard mortar
5.5.3. Use of cement mortar for the conservation works
5.5.4. Mixing cement mortar with lime mortar
5.6. Weathering
5.7. Birds
5.8. Surface deposits
Chapter 6. Characterization of Lime mortar 79
6.1. Why is scientific testing of lime mortar essential?
6.2. Methodology for scientific testing and its application
6.3. Visual examination of lime mortars
6.3.1. Color
6.3.2. Visible materials
6.3.3. Visible organic additives
6.3.4. Texture
6.3.5. Architectural details
6.4. Characterisation of historic mortars
6.4.1. Identifying the possible analytical method
6.4.2. Classification of characterization techniques
6.4.3. Scientific testing methods
6.5. Filed testing of building lime
6.5.1. Visual examination
6.5.2. Carbonation tests
6.5.3. Testing of lime putty before use
6.5.4. Workability test for the fresh lime mortar
6.5.5. Testing for presence of under burnt and under burnt particles
6.5.6 Fineness