Contents
Undertaking i
Certificate iii
Acknowledgments v
Abstract vii
Table of Contents ix
List of figures . x
List of tables . xii
1 Introduction . 2
1.1 Need of the Study 3
1.2 Aim of the Study 4
1.3 Research Objectives . 5
2 Research Timeline. 6
3 Literature Review 7
3.1 Gender as an agenda across the world 7
3.2 Sexual Violence against Women 7
3.3 General characteristics of women’s travel practices 8
3.4 Influence of the Environment on the travel practices 10
3.5 Influence of other factors on the travel practices 10
3.5.1 Age 10
3.5.2 Geographical and Cultural Issues 10
3.5.3 Personal Security and safety concerns 11
3.6 Indicators of Gender Inclusive Transport 12
3.7 Indicators of Safety Perception 13
3.7.1 Personal factors influencing the safety perception 14
3.8 Influence of travel issues on the lives of Women 15
3.9 Women in Transport Related Occupations 15
3.10 Existing Guidelines and Policies. 17
3.10.1 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 17
3.10.2 The Declaration on Elimination of Violence against Women 1993 and Convention on Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women 17
3.10.3 Article 21 of the Constitution of India 18
3.10.4 Protection of Woman against Sexual Harassment at Workplace Bill, 2010 (Amendments made) 18
3.10.5 National Urban Transport Policy- 2006 and 2014 18
3.10.6 POSH Act 19
3.11 Identifying the gaps 19
3.11.1 Gender Segregation 19
4 Literature- Summary . 20
4.1 Scope and limitations 23
5 Methodology 24
5.1 Approach . 26
5.2 Assessment Methods 26
5.2.1 Importance Satisfaction Analysis 26
5.2.2 Factor analysis 28
5.2.3 Principal Component Analysis 29
5.2.4 Focus Group Discussions and Interviews 29
5.2.5 User Safety Perception Surveys 30
5.3 Method Used 30
6 Analysis 32
6.1 Introduction to the case city - Trivandrum. 32
6.1.1 Overall public transit scenario-Trivandrum 33
6.1.2 Data Collection and Analysis 34
6.1.3 Based on The Users’ Responses 35
6.1.4 Based on the Non Users’ Perception 74
6.2 Financial Resources Utilized for Women’s Safety 78
6.3 Summary Findings- Focus Group Discussions 80
6.4 Interviews with the Authorities/professionals 84
Former Founder Director and Present Secretary of the Trust , Sakhi Resource Centre for Women 84
Inspector General , South Zone, Crime Department under Kerala Police 85
Director, The Blue Point .. 85
6.4.1 Security Measures 85
6.4.2 Redressal Mechanisms 86
6.4.3 Initiatives taken by the Government 87
6.4.4 Informal Interviews 88
6.4.5 Key Take away 89
7 Analysis Discussion 93
8 Recommendations 97
8.1 At the design level 97
8.2 Awareness Measures . 101
8.3 At the planning level . 102
8.4 Source of Funds 104
9 Conclusion and The Way Forward 107
References xiii
Appendix 1: User Survey Questionnaire . xvi
Appendix 2: Non User Survey Questionnaire . xxi
Appendix 3: Results of Importance Satisfaction Analysis xxiii
Appendix 4: Results of Annova- Age xxv
Appendix 5: Results of ANNOVA- travel frequency xxviii
Appendix 6 : Results of Principal Component Analysis . xxxi
Appendix 7: Statements put up for agreement /disagreement by the non users . xxxv
Appendix 8: Responses of non users . xxxvi
Appendix 9 : Overall Safety Scores xxxvii
Appendix 10: Questions asked during Focus Group Discussion xxxviii