Contents
Undertaking i
Certificate iii
Acknowledgments v
Abstract vii
Table of contents xi
List of figures xv
List of tables x
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Aim 1
1.3 Objectives 1
1.4 Methodology: 2
1.5 Scope and Limitations: 4
2 Water sensitive Planning 1
2.1 Introduction 1
2.2 Managing the Urban Water Cycle 1
2.3 Transition to Water Sensitive City 2
2.4 Urban Metabolism 3
2.5 Spatial Planning, Urban Metabolism and Creation of Sustainable Cities 3
2.6 Water Sensitive Planning around the Globe 4
2.6.1 Water Sensitive Urban Design in Australia 5
2.6.2 Planning and the Dutch water city 6
2.6.3 Water and Spatial Planning framework in United Kingdom 7
2.7 Learning from Global practices 8
3 City Profiling 11
3.1 History of Agra 11
3.1.1 Origin of Agra 11
3.1.2 Development of the city 11
3.1.3 Decline of Mughal Agra .. 13
3.2 Present Profile of the city . 13
3.3 Geographical features . 14
3.3.1 Climate 14
3.3.2 Soil 15
3.3.3 Drainage 15
3.3.4 Population 16
3.4 Hydrology 16
3.4.1 Surface Water 16
3.4.2 Groundwater . 17
3.4.3 Yamuna River Stretch 18
3.4.4 Condition of River Yamuna 19
3.5 Infrastructure Study 24
3.5.1 Water supply 24
3.5.2 Sewerage 25
3.5.3 Strom Water Drainage 26
3.6 Hazards Assessment in the city 27
3.6.1 Seismicity 27
3.6.2 Draught 28
3.6.3 Flooding 28
3.6.4 Water Logging Areas 29
4 Preparation of Master plan 30
4.1 Background of planning in India 30
4.2 Urban Planning Scenario in Agra 30
4.2.1 Coping with the Growth of the City 30
4.2.2 Timeline of Urban Planning in Agra 31
4.3 Master Plan formulation 32
4.4 Master Plan through the years 34
4.4.1 The First Master Plan of Agra, 1971-2001 34
4.4.2 The Second Master Plan of Agra, 2001-2021 35
4.5 Status of Water sensitivity in Agra 41
4.6 Administrative Setup 42
4.7 LU/LC Analysis 44
5 Assessing the Governance Framework for formulation of WSP 46
5.1 Framework for Water Sensitive Development Plan 46
5.2 Brief on Governance Framework 48
5.2.1 Functions of Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs 48
5.2.2 Functions Ministry of Jal Shakti 49
5.2.3 Functions of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate change 49
5.3 Assessment of Governance Framework in India with respect to Water Sensitive Planning 49
5.4 Assessment of Governance Framework in Agra with respect to Water Sensitive Planning 52
6 Conclusions and Recommendations 54
6.1 Conclusions 54
6.2 Recommendations 56
References xiii
Appendix 1: Stakeholder survey questionnaire xix