CONTENTS Foreword viii Preface x Acknowledgements xii PART I: Digital Technology 1: Introduction 3 1.1 Digital Representation in Architectural Design Practice 6 1.2 Digital Expression 10 1.3 Digital Integration 17 1.4 Computational Modelling the Building Construction Process 20 1.5 Digital Organisation 24 1.6 Integrating CAD into the Manufacturing Process 29 1.7 A Digital Design Case Study 30 2: Simple Visualisation of Complex Forms 35 2.1 What you see is what you get 36 2.2 Sketching prior to Digital Modelling 37 2.3 Visualisation Supporting Designers' Perceptions 41 2.4 The Role of Physical Modelling 42 3: Pure Form: Solidifying Mathematics 47 3.1 Fractal Geometry 48 3.2 Logarithmic Spirals 49 3.3 Hubner's Stammheim Church 51 3.4 Dynamic Symmetry 52 3.5 Form Constrained by Environment 56 4: Parametric Form: Variations on a Theme 59 4.1 The Design of the British Museum Great Court Roof 60 4.2 The Optimisation of Shape and Topology 62 4.3 Shape Optimisation through Parametric Geometry 64 4.4 Structural Materials 71 4.5 Design Constraints 74 4.6 Detailing 78 4.7 The Physical Node 80 4.8 Robotic Manufacture 82 4.9 Computing the Construction Process 83 4.10 Stress, Strain, and Tensors 84 4.11Hyperspaces and Hypersurfaces 85 5 : Express Vision: The Changing Face of Architecture 87 5.1 Modelling the Kunsthaus, Graz 91 5.2 Planning in 3-D 100 5.3 Media Facade 103 5.4 Interactive Surfaces 106 5.5 Topological Relationships 108 5.6 Perella's Hypersurfaces 109 PART II: Digital Practice 111 6: The Well-Tempered Vision: Client as Patron, Quality on Demand 113 6.1 Rethinking Construction 118 6.2 Design Stages 120 6.3 Feasibility 122 6.3.1 Feasibility Study for InfoLab 21 122 6.3.2 Feasibility Analysis Sketches 123 6.3.3 Key Relationships 124 6.3.4 Concept Design at Feasibility Stage 128 6.3.5 Programme and Phasing 129 6.4 Tender 130 6.4.1 Value Management 130 6.4.2 Design Team Management 131 6.4.3 CAD Massing Models 132 6.4.4 Site Analysis 134 6.4.5 View Analysis 135 6.4.6 Analysis of Circulation 136 6.5 Briefing 138 6.5.1 The Briefing Process 138 6.5.2 Managing Value 139 6.6 Concept Design 140 6.6.1 Early Concept Design 140 6.6.2 Testing Ideas 141 6.6.3 Developing the Brief 144 6.6.4 Environmental Analysis 146 6.6.5 CAD-Generated Massing Model Studies 148 6.6.6 CAD Presentation Models 150 6.6.7 Strategic Massing 151 6.7 Scheme Design 152 6.7.1 Structural Analysis 152 6.7.2 Environmental Services 153 6.7.3 External Expression 154 6.8 Summary 157 7: Visionary Integration: This Blessed Plot 159 7.1 Key Issues in the Digital Representation of the Eden Project 160 7.2 The Site 162 7.3 Site Work 164 7.4 Geodesic Geometry 166 7.5 Positioning the Buildings 168 7.6 Structural Form 172 7.7 The Hex-tri-hex Structural Form 174 7.8 Structural Analysis 179 7.9 Cladding Design 182 7.10 The Cladding System 184 7.11 Environmental Loads 186 7.12 Thermal Performance of the Biome Environment 190 7.13 Landscape and Construction 192 7.14 Future Use and Maintenance 195 7.15 Architectural Qualities of the Biome Form 197 7.16 CAD/CAM Technology 198 7.17 Procurement Process 199 7.18 Geodesic Domes 200 7.19 Unfolding Geodesic Spheres 201 7.20 Tensegrity 202 7.21 Summary 205 8: The Exuberant Vision: Throwing off the Bowlines 207 8.1 The Importance of the Sketch 211 8.2 The Realisation of the Sketch 212 8.3 The Ray and Maria Stata Center at MIT 215 8.4 The Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) 216 8.5 Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (AI Lab) 217 8.6 Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems (LIDS) 218 8.7 Department of Linguistics and Philosophy 219 8.8 The Role of Physical Models 220 8.9 Value Engineering 224 8.10 Gaussian Analysis 225 8.11 Architectural Planning 232 8.12 Dialogues with Jim Glymph 234 8.13 Creative Expression in CAD Environments 240 8.14 Human-Computer Interaction 242 8.15 Digital Sketching 243 8.16 From Sketches to Models 246 8.17 Developable Surfaces 248 8.18 Modelling with NURBS surfaces, phantom surfaces and directrices 250 8.19 Rapid Prototyping 254 8.20 Summary 255 Chapter 9: Conclusions 257 Bibliography Index