CONTENTS Preface iv 1 AIR TRANSPORT AND AIRPORTS 1 1.1 Development of Airports 1 1.2 Slandards 13 1.2.1 1CAO Legislation 13 1.2.2 National Standards and Recommended Practices 16 1.3 Airport Development Planning 16 2 PREDICTING TRAFFIC 21 2.1 Introduclion 21 2.2 Types of Forecast Needed 22 2.3 Methods of Analysis 23 2.3.1Informed Judgement 23 2.3.2 Trend Extrapolation 24 2.3.3 Econometric Models 26 2.3.4 The Travel Decisions 28 2.3.5 Modal Shares 29 2.3.6 Discrete Choice Models 30 2.3.7 Revealed and Stated Preferences 31 2.3.8 Effects of Supply Decisions 32 2.3.9 Uncertainly 32 2.3.10 Scenario Writing 34 2.4 Historic Trends in Traffic 35 2.5 Factors Affecting the Trends 36 2.5.1 Economic Factors 36 2.5.2 Demographic Factors 36 2.5.3 Supply Factors 37 2.5.4 Economic Regulation 40 2.5.5 Environmental Regulation 40 2.5.6 Cargo 40 2.6 Conclusions 41 3 AIRPORT SITE SELECTION AND RUNWAY SYSTEM ORIENTATION 45 3.1 Selection of a Site for the Airport 45 3.2 Usability Factor 47 3.3 Low Visibility Operations 50 3.4 Control of Obstacles 58 3.5 Other Factors 65 4 RUNWAYS 69 4.1 Aerodrome Reference Code 69 4.2 Runway Lenglh 73 4.3 Declared Distances 88 4.4 Runway Width 90 4.4.1Runway Width Requirements 90 4.4.2 Runway Shoulders 91 4.4.3 Runway Turn Pads 92 4.5 Runway Slopes 93 4.5.1 Transverse Slopes 93 4.5.2 Longitudinal Slopes 94 5 RUNWAY STRIPS AND OTHER AREAS 97 5.1 Runway Strips 97 5.2 Clearways 100 5.3 Runway End Safety Areas 101 6 TAXrWAYS 107 6.1 Taxi way System Design 107 6.2 High-speed Exit Taxi ways 108 6.3 Taxiway Separations 113 6.4 Taxiway Geometry 115 7 APRONS 119 7.1 Apron Requirements 119 7.2 Apron Sizing 121 7.3 Apron Location 122 7.4 Apron Concepls 124 7.4.1 Simple Concept 124 7.4.2 Linear Concept 124 7.4.3 Open Concept 125 7.4.4 Pier Concept 126 7.4.5 Satellite Concept 128 7.4.6 Hybrid Concept 128 7.5 Stand Types 129 7.6 Apron Capacity 135 7.7 Isolated Aircraft Parking Position 136 8 PAVEMENTS 137 8.1Background 137 8.2 Pavement Types 138 8.2.1Non-Reinforced Grass Strips 139 8.2.2Reinforced Grass Strips 139 8.2.3 Reinforced Pavements with Hard Surface 140 8.2.3.1Use of Hard Surface Pavements 140 8.2.3.1.1Subgrade 141 8.2.3.1.2 Sub-base 142 8.2.3.1.3 Bearing Course 142 8.2.3.2 Flexible (Asphalt) Pavements 142 8.2.3.3 Rigid (Cement-concrete) Pavements 144 8.2.3.4 Combined Pavements 151 8.2.3.5 Block Paving 151 8.3 Pavemenl Strength 151 8.3.1 Pavements-Aircraft Loads 151 8.3.2 Pavement Strength Reporting 153 8.3.3 Overload Operations 157 8.4 Runway Surface 158 8.4.1 Runway Surface Quality Requirements 158 8.4.2 Methods of Runway Surface Uncvenness Assessment by the Dual Mass Method 159 8.4.3 Pavement Texture 163 8.4.4 Runway Braking Action 166 8.5 Pavement Management System 171 9 AIRCRAFT GROUND HANDLING 173 9.1 Aircraft Handling Methods and Safety 173 9.2 Aircraft Ground Handling Activities 180 9.2.1 Deplaning and Boarding 180 9.2.2 Supplies of Power, Air-Conditioning and Compressed Air 183 9.2.3 Cargo and Baggage Loading 184 9.2.4 Push Back Operations 184 9.3 Colaborative Decison Making (CDM) 188 9.4 Visual Guidance Systems 190 10 AIRCRAFT REFUELLING 197 10.1Background 197 10.2 Fuel - Requirements 199 10.2.1Requirements for Fuel Quality 199 10.2.2 Fuel Storage 201 10.3 Fuel Distribution 204 10.4 Safety of the Refuelling Operation 208 10.4.1 Ecological Damage 208 10.4.2 Fire Safety 211 10.5 Aircraa Fuel-Future Trends 212 11CARGO 213 11.1 Introduclion 213 11.2 The I'Yeight Industry's Characteristics 217 11.3 Airside Design Considerations 221 11.4 Terminal Design and Operating Considerations 223 11.4.1Location 223 11.4.2 Design parameters 224 11.4.3 Mechanisation 225 11.4.4 Terminal iimctions and operations 226 11.4.5 Documentation 228 11.4.6 Utilities 230 11.4.7 Security 231 11.5 Cargo Terminal Layout and Sizing 232 11.5.1Layout 232 11.5.2 Functions and facilities 233 11.5.3 Sizing 234 11.6 Landside Design and Operations 237 11.7 Future Trends 237 11.8 DHL Case Study 238 12 PASSENGER TERMINALS 241 12.1 Airport Terminal Design Principles 241 12.2 Airport Terminal Layout 246 12.3 Airport Terminal Concepts 249 12.4 Terminal Design 251 12.4.1Design Methods 251 12.4.2 Component Design 255 12.5 The Handling Process 265 12.5.1Passenger Handling 265 12.5.2 Baggage Handling 273 12.6 Non-Aeronautical Services 274 12.7 Passenger Transportation - People Movers 276 13 SECURITY 281 13.1 Unlawful Acts and Air Transport 281 13.2 The Airport System and its Security 287 13.3 Safeguarding of Airport Security 290 13.3.1Security as a Service 290 13.3.2 Airport Perimeter Security and Staff Identification 291 13.3.3 Employee Security Procedures 296 13.3.4 Measures in Relation to Passengers 298 13.4 Detection of Dangerous Objects 303 13.5 Summary. 310 14 14.1 Access and the Airport System 311 14.2 Selection of the Access Modes 314 14.3 Categories of Surface Transport Users 315 14.4 Access and Terminal Operations 316 14.5 Access Modes 3 17 14.5.1Passenger Car 317 14.5.2 Taxi 319 14.5.3 Minibus 320 14.5.4 Bus 321 14.5.5 Railway Transport 322 14.5.6 Unconventional Means of Transport 327 15 VISUAL AIDS FOR NAVIGATION 329 15.1 Markings 329 15.1.1 Markings Requirements 329 15.1.2 Marking Types 333 15.1.3 Signs 335 15.2 Airport Lights (Author: Frantisek Belohradsky, Consultant, Prague, CZ) 336 15.2.1 Characteristics and Components of Airport Lighting Systems 336 15.2.1.1 Introduction 336 15.2.1.2 Light Sources 337 15.2.1.3 Lights and Fittings 338 15.2.1.4 Frangible Safety Masts 340 15.2.1.5 Requirements for Aerodrome Lights 340 15.2.2 Characteristics and Components of Airport Lighting Systems 343 15.2.2.1 Approach and Runway Systems 343 15.2.2.1.1 Non-Instrument and Instrument Runways 343 15.2.2.1.2 Precision Approach Runway 345 15.2.2.2 Approach Slope Indicator Systems 352 15.2.3 Heliport Lighting Systems 357 15.2.4 Lighting of Obstacles 359 15.2.5 Light Control 361 15.2.5.1 Remote Control Equipment 361 15.2.5.2 Single Lamp Control and Monitoring 362 15.2.6 Lighting Systems Construction and Operation 364 15.2.6.1 Lighting Systems Design and Installation 364 15.2.6.2 Maintenance of the Lighting Systems 365 15.2.7 Trends in Lighting Systems Development 368 16 ELECTRICAL ENERGY SUPPLY 369 16.1 Background 369 16.2 Electrical Systems Reliability and Back-up 369 16.3 Supply Systcnis 376 16.3.1Parallel System 376 16.3.2 Serial System 377 16.3.2.1 Serial System- the Principle 377 16.3.2.2 Serial System - Components 377 16.4 Electrical supply to Category I - III Lighting Systems 382 17 RADIO NAVIGATION AIDS 383 17.1 Background 383 17.2 Radio Navigation Aids 384 17.2.1Instrument Landing System (1LS) 384 17.2.2 Microwave Landing System (MLS) 389 17.2.3 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) 390 17.2.4 VHP Omnidirectional Radio Range (VOR) 391 17.2.5 Non-directional Radio Beacon (NDB) 393 17.2.6 Distance Measuring Equipment (DMF) 394 17.2.7 Transponder Landing System (TLS) 395 17.3 Radar Systems 395 17.3.1Precision Approach Radar (PAR) 395 17.3.2 Surveillance Radar Element (SRE) 396 17.3.3 Surface Movement Radar {SMR) 396 17.3.4 Advanced Surface Movement and Guidance Control Systems (A-SMGCS) 396 17.4 Flight Inspections and Calibrations 398 18 AIRPORT WINTER OPERATION 401 18.1 Snow and Aircraft Operation 401 18.2 Snow Plan 403 18.3 Mechanical Equipment for Snow Removal and Ice Control 407 18.4 Chemicals for Runway De-icing 413 18.5 Thermal De-icing 417 18.6 Runway Surface Monitoring 419 18.7 Aircraft De-icing 420 19 AIRPORT EMERGENCY SERVICES 427 19.1 Roles of the Rescue and Fire Fighting Service 427 19.2 Level of Protection Required 428 19.2.1Response Times 428 19.2.2 Aerodrome Category for Rescue and Fire Fighting 43 I 19.2.3 Principal Extinguishing Agents 432 19.2.4 Complementary Extinguishing Agents 434 19.2.5 The Amounts of Extinguishing Agents 435 19.3 Rescue and Fire Fighting Vehicles 437 19.4 Airport Fire Stations 441 19.5 Emergency Training and Activity of Rescue and Fire Fighting Unit 444 19.5.1 Training 444 19.5.2 Preparation for an Emergency Situation and Rescue and Fire Fighting Intervention Control 446 19.6 Runway Foaming 449 19.7 Post Emergency Operations 451 19.8 Emergency Services and Environment Protection 454 19.9 Final Thoughts 455 20 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL 457 20.1 Background 457 20.2 Noise (Author: Milan Kamenicky, Bratislava, Slovakia) 460 20.2.1 Characteristics 460 20.2.2 Descriptors Used for Aircraft Noise Rating 462 20.2.3 Evaluation of Noise in the Vicinity of Airports 467 20.2.4 Land Use and Compatibility Planning 470 20.2.5 Aircraft Noise Measurement 473 20.2.5.1 Short Term Measurement 474 20.2.5.2 Long-term Noise Monitoring 475 20.2.6 Prediction of Air Transport Noise 478 20.2.7 Airport Noise Mitigation and Noise Abatement Procedures 483 20.3 Control of Gaseous Emissions 485 20.4 Protection of Water Sources 487 20.5 Landscaping 488 20.6 Waste Management 489 20.7 Bird Control 490 20.7.1Introduction 490 20.7.2 Bird Strike Statistics 491 20.7.3 Change of [he Habitat 493 20.7.4 Bird Scaring 495 20.7.5 Ornithological Protection Zones 499 Bibliography 501 Index 517