CONTENTS SUMMARY 1 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 5 Objective 5 Report Organization 5 Study Methods 5 Terminology and Key Definitions 5 CHAPTER TWO CASE EXAMPLES 7 Introduction 7 Case Examples 7 Case 1: Alaska 7 Case 2: Jacksonville, Florida 8 Case 3: San Diego, California 9 Case 4: Atlanta, Georgia 11 Case 5: Oakland, California 12 Case 6: Toronto, Ontario 12 Case 7: Dallas and Fort Worth, Texas 13 Case 8: Jackson, Mississippi 15 CHAPTER THREE METHODS AND SURVEY RESPONSES 18 Introduction 18 Interviews 18 Literature Review, with Summary of Climate Change Effects and Illustrative Adaptive Measures 18 Survey Responses 26 CHAPTER FOUR CLIMATE RISKS AND ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCE ACTIVITIES 34 Introduction 34 Climate Science and Uncertainties 34 Sampling of Likely Climate Risks to Airports 36 Adaptation and Resilience Activities Being Undertaken in Light of Climate Risk 37 Highlights from a Review of Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience Activities 45 CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSIONS 46 Observations and Findings 46 Knowledge Gaps and Suggestions for Further Research 46 GLOSSARY 48 REFERENCES 49 BIBLIOGRAPHY 52 APPENDIX A INTERVIEW QUESTIONS 53 APPENDIX B LITERATURE REVIEW METHOD 55 APPENDIX C LITERATURE REVIEW SOURCES 56 APPENDIX D SURVEY RESPONDENTS AND SURVEY METHOD 69 APPENDIX E SURVEY 71 APPENDIX F SURVEY RESULTS 80 APPENDIX G UNCERTAINTY, INCLUDING NATURAL VARIABILITY 87