Contents
Abstract i
Acknowledgments iii
Contents v
List of Tables v
List of Figures ix
List of abbreviations x
1. Introduction to the study 1
1.1 Aim 3
1.2 Objectives 3
1.3 Need for the study 3
1.4 Methodology 3
1.5 Scope 4
1.6 Limitations .4
2. Introduction to the Protected area 5
2.1 What are Protected areas 7
2.1.1 Importance of Protected Areas 7
2.1.2 Protected Areas and biodiversity protection 7
2.1.3 Functions of Protected Areas 8
2.1.4 Functions of Protected Areas 8
2.1.5 Major threats to biodiversity 9
2.2 IUCN categories of Protected Areas 10
2.3 Categories of Protected Areas in India 11
2.4 Protected Areas in Gujarat 13
2.5 Marine Protected Area, Jamnagar 14
3. Literature Study 15
3.1 Mangrove restoration in Saveru creek, Rathikalva reserved forest, Godavari delta
region, Andhra Pradesh .17
3.1.1 Intoduction ..17
3.1.2 Causes of degradation 19
3.1.3 Proposals 20
3.1.4 Benefits in the long run 22
3.1.5 Inference 23
3.2 Landscape heterogeinity and avifaunal biodiversity relationship, Banni reserve 25
3.2.1 Introduction 25
3.2.2 Threats/Issues 30
3.2.3 Avifauna and major threats 32
3.2.4 Key species and Habitat preference 32
3.2.5 Ecograde 33
3.2.6 Proposal 33
3.2.7 Analysis 34
3.2.8 Inference 34
4. The Region 37
4.1 Introduction to the region 37
4.2 Defining the region 37
4.3 History and role of Marine Protected Area 37
4.4 Particulars of the region 39
4.4.1 Climate 39
4.4.2 Currents 40
4.5 Natural features 41
4.6 Growth in anthropogenic activities 42
4.7 Study region 42
4.8 Geology and Geomorphology 44
4.9 Soil 44
4.10 Topography 46
4.11 Hydrology 46
4.12 Landuse 48
4.13 Vegetation 48
4.14 Fauna 52
5.Importance of Marine Protected Area, Jamnagar 55
5.1 Fishing .....57
5.2 Richness of vegetation 57
5.3 Habitat for birds and other biodiversity 57
6. Avifaunal status 59
6.1 Lesser Flamingo 62
6.1.1 Description ..... 62
6.1.2 Global level details 62
6.1.3 Habitat in Marine Protected Area, Jamnagar 64
6.2 Black necked stork ...65
6.2.1 Description 65
6.2.2 Global level details 65
6.2.3 Habitat in Marine Protected Area, Jamnagar 67
6.3 Dalmatian Pelican 68
6.3.1 Description ..... 68
6.3.2 Global level details 68
6.3.3 Habitat in Marine Protected Area, Jamnagar 70
6.4 Pallid Harrier 71
6.4.1 Description 71
6.4.2 Global level details 71
6.4.3 Habitat in Marine Protected Area, Jamnagar 73
7. Sub-regional study 75
7.1 History 77
7.2 Khijadiya lake and it’s environs 78
7.3 Seasonal variation 79
7.4 Coastal habitats 80
7.5 Freshwater habitats 81
8.Key species and Habitat Mapping 83
8.1 Habitat Preference Map 84
8.1.1 Habitat Preference Map of Lesser Flamingo . 85
8.1.2 Habitat Preference Map of Black necked stork 85
8.1.3 Habitat Preference Map of Dalmatian Pelican 86
8.1.4 Habitat Preference Map of Pallid Harrier 86
8.2 Habitat Suitability Map 87
8.2.1 Habitat Suitability Map 1985. . 88
8.2.2 Habitat Suitability Map 2015. . 88
9. Issues and threats 89
9.1 Natural factors 93
9.2 Anthropogenic factors 93
9.3 Inference ..94
10.Recommendations and Protection measures 95
10.1 Recommendations for Industries 97
10.2 Ecograde 99
10.2.1 Ecograde i..... 100
10.2.2 Ecograde ii 102
10.2.3 Ecograde iii 104
10.2.4 Ecograde iv 106
10.2.4 Ecograde v 108
10.2.4 Ecograde vi 110
10.3 Method of planting mangroves. 112
10.4 Phases of regeneration of mangroves and grasses 114
11.Prospective map 117
11.1 Prospective map ..119
11.2 Landscape grain 120
11.3 Proposed sections 123
11.4 Conclusion 122
References and Appendice 124