CONTENTS List of Figures xiii List of Tables xv Preface xvii Acknowledgements xxi Chapter 1 Historical Perspective of Community Organization 1-16 Charity Organization Period (1870-1917) 1 Rise of Federation (1917-1935) 3 Expansion and Professional Development (1935-1955) 3 Development of the Concept of Community Organization 4 Significance 4 World War II 6 Post-War Developments 7 Community Organization and Social Change (1955 onwards) 7 Current Trends in Community Organization 9 Conceptualization and Philosophy 9 Agencies and Programmes 10 Methods 11 Personal and Professional Practice 11 History of Community Development in India 11 Review Questions 16 Chapter 2 Community Organization and Development 17-34 Community 18 Community Organization 19 Definitions of Community Organization 20 Need for Community Organization 21 Functions of Community Organization 22 Principles of Community Organization 22 Stages in Community Organization 23 Community Development 24 Definitions of Community Development 25 Need of Community Development 26 Objectives of Community Development 27 Characteristics of Community Development 29 Elements of Community Development Process 30 Indicators of Community Development 31 Distinction between Community Organization and Community Development 32 Review Questions 34 Chapter 3 Community Mobilization 35-63 Need for Community Mobilization 36 Benefits of Community Mobilization 38 Long-term Benefits 38 Short-term and Immediate Benefits 39 Preparing for Community Mobilization 39 Prerequisites for Starting Mobilization 39 Initial Contact with the Community 40 Coordinating Community Mobilization 42 Communication 42 Entering the Community 42 Functioning of the Community 44 Challenges 46 Techniques for Mobilizing a Community 47 Phases of Community Mobilization 49 Community Contribution 54 Challenges of Community Mobilization 54 Leadership and Capacity Building 54 Community Participation 56 Barriers to Participation 56 Trust Building 57 Working in Teams 57 Networking 58 Role of a Community Worker in Community Mobilization 60 Know the Community 60 Work with Existing Leaders 60 Ensure Regular and Clear Communication 61 Develop Strong Facilitation Skills 61 Find Ways to Motivate Communities 61 Skills of a Community Worker 61 Review Questions 62 Chapter 4 Models of Community Organization Practice 64-76 Models of Community Organization 64 Locality Development Model 65 Social Planning Model 66 Social Action Model 67 Approaches to Community Organization 75 Review Questions 76 Chapter 5 Understanding the Community through Participatory Appraisal 77-110 Rationale 77 Factors Affecting People's Participation 78 Rapid Rural Appraisal 79 Emergence of Participatory Rural Appraisal 79 Participatory Rural Appraisal 80 Dimensions of PRA 81 Need for PRA 84 Comparison of RRA and PRA 85 Implementation of PRA 86 Important Things for Exercising PRA 90 Types of PRA 91 Practical Application of PRA 92 Principles for Participatory Learning and Analysis 92 Tips for Conducting PRA 93 PRA Methods and Approaches 95 Empowerment 106 Review Questions 110 Chapters 5 Holding Meetings in the Community 111-123 Purposes of Meetings 112 How to Plan a Meeting 113 How to Hold a Successful Meeting 114 Factors Affecting the Success of Meeting 118 Tips for Conducting Meetings 119 Writing Minutes after Meeting 121 Review Questions 123 Chapter 7 Conflict Management in Community Organization 124-140 Competition and Conflict 125 Concept of Conflict 126 Definitions of Conflict 126 Sources of Conflict 127 Types of Conflict 127 Need to Resolve Conflict 130 Positive Aspects of Conflict 130 Identification of Conflict Emergence 131 Phases of Conflict 132 Strategies to Manage Conflicts 134 Using Conflict as a Strategy to Bring Social Change 137 Role of the Community Worker in Conflict Management 137 Tips to be a Successful Community Worker 139 Review Questions 140 Chapter 8 Power Structure and Leadership 141-155 Meaning of Power 141 Definition of Power 143 Leadership 147 Leadership Styles 148 Attributes of Leadership/Leadership Traits 152 Functions of Leader 153 Leadership and Communication 154 Role of a Community Worker 155 Review Questions 155 Chapter 9 Social Action 156-179 Five Cs 157 Role of Community Worker 160 Origin of Social Action in India 161 Elements of Social Action 161 Need for Direct Action 163 Demonstrations 163 Non-cooperation 164 Interventions 164 Women's Movements 164 The Chipko Movement 165 Anti-liquor Movement in Andhra Pradesh 166 Public Interest Litigation 170 Aspects of PIL 170 Evolution of PIL 172 Features of PIL 172 PIL and Social Change 173 When and How to File a PIL 173 Review Questions 179 Chapter 10 Roles of a Community Worker 180-185 Review Questions 185 Chapter 11 Records 186-195 Purposes of Record Maintenance 187 Types of Record 188 Administrative Records 188 Process Recording 188 Diary 189 Day Sheet 189 Agency Log 190 Scrapbook of Publications 190 Minutes 190 Report Writing 191 Project Record 191 Work Plan 192 Need for a Work Plan 192 Content of the Work Plan 192 Work Progress Report 193 Review Questions 194 Annexure Saul David Alinsky (1909-1972) 197-199 Radicalism 198 Tactics for Radicals 198 References 201-206 Index 207-209