Contents
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction 1
PART ONE: ANCESTRIES
1 SEVENTY CENTURIES OF CITY-SPLITTING 19
Before Race Mattered 19
The Long Shadow of the Ziggurat 20
Segregating Strangers 27
Scapegoat Ghettos 32
Quarters for Classes, Crafts, Clans, Castes, and the Sexes 39
Ancient and Medieval Legacies 44
PART TWO: COLOR AND RACE COME TO THE CITY
2 WHITE TOWN/BLACK TOWN 47
Governor Pitt’s Madras 47
The Rise and Fall of American (and South African) Segregation in Colonial Times 49
Eastward Connections 54
The Cross-Colonial Color Connection 65
Color before Race 71
3 RACE AND THE LONDON-CALCUTTA CONNECTION 75
The Modern Way to Split a City 75
How London Conquered and Divided Calcutta 79
Race and the Imperial City 83
The London-Calcutta Sanitation Connection 88
The West End–White Town Connection 95
London’s Calcutta Problem 106
PART THREE: SURGES OF SEGREGATION IN THE COLONIES
4 THE STATIONS RAJ 113
Paradoxes of Detachment and Dependence 113
Beyond Calcutta 116
Stations of the Empire 118
“Bring Your Cities and Stations within the Pale of Civilization”
Stations for Sale? 129
Beyond India 133
5 SEGREGATING THE PACIFIC 135
Incomings and Outgoings 135
Segregating China’s Gateways 137
Two Tides in the Pacific 147
Segregating All Oceans 154
6 SEGREGATION MANIA 159
A Call to All Continents 159
The Germ Theory of Segregation 163
Segregation Sails East with the Plague 166
Hunting Rats, Fleas, and Mosquitoes in Africa 172
The High Tide of Segregation Mania 178
The Long End of the Craze 185
Legacies of the Mania 190
7 THE OUTER LIMITS OF COLONIAL URBANISM 193
Imperial Monuments, Imperial Tombstones 193
French Connections 195
A French Calcutta? 199
Planet Haussmann 203
Splitting Cities, Beaux-Arts Style 209
Sunset at New Delhi 218
A Bitter Epitaph 224
PART FOUR: THE ARCHSEGREGATIONISTS
8 THE MULTIFARIOUS SEGREGATION OF JOHANNESBURG 229
Archsegregationism and the Wider World 229
Squaring Race and Civilization 236
A Keystone of Global Anglo-Saxondom 240
The Birth of “Separate Development” 244
From Labor Control to “Influx Control” 249
Grandparents of the Group Areas 254
9 THE FURIES FLY IN THE SETTLERS’ CITY 261
Arrogance and Its Agonies 261
The Intimacies of Race War 264
They Will Buy Us Out of the Country 275
Pandora’s Segregationism 284
The Birth Pangs of Nation-State Segregation 290
10 CAMOUFLAGING THE COLOR LINE IN CHICAGO 295
A Subtler Sort of Segregation? 295
Segregating the United States 296
Jim-Crowing the Neighborhoods 300
Segregation by Profiteer, Protective Association, and Pogrom 307
A Time for Camouflage 317
The “Iron Ring”? 327
11 SEGREGATION AT THE EXTREMES 333
Split Cities and the Global Cataclysm 333
Hitler’s “Death Boxes” 335
A New Deal for America’s Color Lines 341
The Sinister Synthesis of Apartheid 358
PART FIVE: FRAGMENTED LEGACIES
12 OUTFLANKING A GLOBAL REVOLUTION 383
Age of Liberation, Age of Apocalypse 383
Have Ghettos Gone Global? 387
Postcolonial and Neocolonial City-Splitting 402
A New Century of Settler Segregation? 411
Epilogue: People, the Planet, and Segregated Cities 421
Notes 431
Index 483